由于我国能源结构呈现“缺油、少气、相对富煤”的禀赋特点，煤炭资源在未来几十年内仍将作为我国主体能源与重要工业原料。在采煤过程中经常遇到坚硬煤层顶板，由于其强度高、厚度大且承载能力强，容易积聚大量弹性能，导致冲击地压、顶板垮落等强矿压显现灾害频繁发生，严重威胁着煤矿的安全高效生产。水力劈裂作为一种解决坚硬顶板问题的实用性技术，通过注入高压水，使坚硬顶板开裂而形成水力裂纹，水力裂纹的产生减弱了积聚弹性能，形成了大范围弱化区域，可以有效避免高应力集中现象。对于坚硬顶板的水力劈裂技术而言，岩体的起裂机理以及水力裂纹扩展规律是核心问题，因此，针对此课题进行研究，对于水力劈裂技术的发展以及煤矿安全高效生产具有较强的现实意义。

本文从室内试验入手，开展了内置三维裂隙岩体的水力劈裂试验，综合试验结果及理论分析，探究了围压梯度、应力差异、裂隙形态及劈裂次数等因素对岩体水力劈裂起裂特征及水力裂纹扩展规律的影响机制，并建立物理模型，对其采动-劈裂过程中的沉降量及视电阻率的演化机制及水力裂纹在地层中的扩展模式进行了研究。主要研究内容及成果如下：

（1）通过真三轴岩石水力劈裂系统，开展了内置三维裂隙岩体的水力劈裂试验，对岩体起裂特征的围压效应进行了研究。研究结果表明：裂隙岩体的注液压力曲线按其形态可大致划分为滤失阶段、升压阶段、降压阶段以及稳定变化阶段。随着围压梯度、轴向应力以及水平应力的增加，试样的起劈压力、起劈时间以及应力降等参数也相应增大。同时，通过断裂力学中的K断裂准则也对试验结果进行了验证，岩体的起劈压力主要受到应力系数 λ 以及裂纹倾角 β 的影响。

（2）开展了不同内置裂隙形态及裂隙夹角下岩体的水力劈裂试验，试验结果表明：内置交叉裂隙试样的起劈压力一般要高于单一裂隙试样，同时，交叉裂隙的夹角越大，岩体的起劈压力也相应增大。

（3）运用声发射技术，分析了岩体水力劈裂过程中RA、AF值、峰值频率以及幅值等参数的变化规律，结果表明：当岩体所受的应力水平较低时，水力裂纹主要以剪切裂纹为主，拉张裂纹为辅；而在高应力水平下，拉张裂纹占据主导。当岩体所受的应力水平相同时，内置交叉裂隙试样形成的水力裂纹以大尺度剪切裂纹为主，单一裂隙试样则以小尺度拉张裂纹为主。

（4）通过指示剂示踪、纵波波速判定以及声发射三维定位等技术方法，对试样水力劈裂过程中水力裂纹的扩展规律以及动态演化特征进行了分析研究。结果表明：水力裂纹一般由劈裂管底部开始发育，随后沿着最大主应力方向不断向试样表面扩展，直至形成稳定的渗流通道。水力裂纹的前沿近似为椭圆形态且以劈裂管底部位置为中心，其中在劈裂管以及内置裂隙附近的区域水力劈裂程度比较高。

（5）在岩体首次劈裂的基础上，对不同围压下的试样进行了重复劈裂试验，研究了岩体重复劈裂过程的起裂特征以及水力裂纹扩展规律。结果表明：岩体首次劈裂的起劈压力一般略大于重复劈裂；当岩体所受的应力水平较低时，在重复劈裂过程中劈裂液主要沿原有的水力裂纹运移，二次裂纹产生的较少；当岩体所受的应力水平较高时，在重复劈裂过程中岩体内部会形成大量二次裂纹。

（6）设计并建立了一种符合实际地层的物理模型，并对其进行采动破坏以及水力劈裂试验，一方面对物理模型采动过程中的沉降量以及视电阻率的变化规律进行探究，另一方面通过劈裂曲线及声发射数据对物理模型的起裂特征及水力裂纹扩展规律进行分析。研究结果表明：下沉区域以及高视电阻率区一般由采空区边界开始发育，呈“环状”向开挖一侧扩展。水力裂纹在地层中的扩展模式主要可分为三种，分别为沿层面扩展、穿层扩展以及分支裂纹扩展，扩展模式主要受地层的断裂韧度、弹性模量、水平地应力以及层间界面等因素的影响。

As China's energy structure presents "lack of oil, less gas, relatively rich in coal" endowment characteristics, coal resources in the next few decades will remain as China's main energy and important industrial raw materials. In the process of coal mining, often encounter hard coal seam roof, which is easy to accumulate a large amount of elastic energy due to its high strength, thickness and bearing capacity, resulting in frequent occurrence of strong mine pressure disasters such as impact ground pressure and roof collapse, which seriously threatens the safe and efficient production of coal mines. As a practical technique to solve the problem of hard roof, hydraulic cracking is formed by injecting high-pressure water to crack the hard roof, which weakens the accumulation of elastic energy and creates a large weakening area and can effectively avoid the phenomenon of high stress concentration. For the hydraulic splitting technology of hard roof, the cracking mechanism of the rock body and the law of hydraulic crack expansion are the core issues, therefore, the research on this topic is of strong practical significance for the development of hydraulic splitting technology and the safe and efficient production of coal mines.

In this thesis, starting from the indoor test, the hydraulic splitting test of the rock body with built-in three-dimensional fractures was carried out, and the mechanism of the influence of the surrounding pressure gradient, stress difference, fracture morphology and number of splits on the fracture initiation characteristics and hydraulic fracture expansion pattern of the rock body was investigated by integrating the test results and theoretical analysis, and a physical model was established to investigate the evolution mechanism of the settlement and apparent resistivity during the mining-splitting process and the hydraulic fracture expansion pattern in the The study was carried out to investigate the evolution mechanism of settlement and apparent resistivity during the mining-splitting process and the expansion pattern of hydraulic fracture in the formation. The main research contents and results are as follows:

(1) The hydraulic splitting test of the built-in three-dimensional fractured rock body was carried out by the true triaxial rock hydraulic splitting system, and the surrounding pressure effect of the rock initiation characteristics was studied. The research results show that the injection pressure curve of the fractured rock body can be roughly divided into the filtration loss stage, the ascending pressure stage, the descending pressure stage and the stable change stage according to its morphology. With the increase of the surrounding pressure gradient, axial stress and horizontal stress, the parameters such as starting pressure, starting time and stress drop of the specimen also increase accordingly. The test results were also verified by the K-fracture criterion in fracture mechanics, and the initiation pressure of the rock mass was mainly influenced by the stress factor λ and the crack dip angle β.

(2) Hydraulic fracture tests on rock masses with different built-in fracture patterns and fracture angles were carried out, and the test results showed that the starting splitting pressure of the built-in X-shaped fracture specimens was generally higher than that of the single fracture specimens, and at the same time, the larger the fracture angle, the corresponding increase in the starting splitting pressure of the rock mass.

(3) Using acoustic emission technique, the variation rules of RA, AF value, peak frequency and amplitude parameters during the hydraulic splitting process of rock mass were analyzed, and the results showed that when the stress level of the rock mass was low, the hydraulic cracks were mainly shear cracks, supplemented by tension cracks; while at high stress level, tension cracks dominated. When the rock is subjected to the same stress level, the hydraulic cracks formed in the built-in X-fracture specimens are dominated by large-scale shear cracks, while the small-scale tension cracks are dominated in the single-fracture specimens.

(4) The expansion pattern and dynamic evolution characteristics of hydraulic cracks during the hydraulic splitting process of the specimen were analyzed and studied by the technical methods of indicator tracing, longitudinal wave velocity determination and acoustic emission three-dimensional localization. The results show that the hydraulic cracks generally start from the bottom of the splitting tube, and then expand to the surface of the specimen along the direction of the maximum principal stress until a stable seepage channel is formed. The fronts of hydraulic cracks are approximately elliptical in shape and centered on the bottom of the splitting tube, where The degree of hydraulic cracking is higher in the area near the splitting tube and the built-in fissure.

(5) On the basis of the first splitting of the rock mass, repeated splitting tests were conducted on specimens under different circumferential pressures to study the crack initiation characteristics and hydraulic crack expansion law of the repeated splitting process of the rock mass. The results show that the initial splitting pressure of the first splitting is generally slightly higher than that of the repeated splitting; when the stress level of the rock body is low, the splitting fluid mainly moves along the original hydraulic crack during the repeated splitting process, and less secondary cracks are produced; when the stress level of the rock body is high, a large number of secondary cracks will be formed inside the rock body during the repeated splitting process.

(6) A physical model was designed and established to meet the actual stratum, and mining damage and hydraulic fracture tests were conducted to investigate the subsidence and apparent resistivity changes during mining of the physical model on the one hand, and to analyze the fracture initiation characteristics and hydraulic fracture expansion law of the physical model through the fracture curve and acoustic emission data on the other hand. The results show that the subsidence area and the high apparent resistivity zone generally start from the boundary of the extraction area and expand in a "ring" towards the excavation side. The expansion patterns of hydraulic cracks in the stratum can be divided into three main types, namely, expansion along the level, expansion through the layer and branching crack expansion, which are mainly influenced by the fracture toughness, elastic modulus, horizontal ground stress and interlayer interface of the stratum.

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