大倾角工作面破断垮落的顶板矸石会在重力作用下沿工作面底板向倾向下部滚滑并呈非均匀充填形态，而在工作面倾向上部的后方采空区内形成“空洞”，在多区段开采时将引起区段煤柱的结构形态和受载特征均产生不同程度的改变，甚至会诱发煤柱群的链式失稳致灾，严重影响各区段工作面的安全生产。针对这一问题，本文采用现场实测、物理相似模拟实验、数值模拟、理论分析相结合的研究方法，构建了大倾角煤层长壁开采的“广义区段煤柱”结构模型，系统研究了广义区段煤柱的受载变形和稳定性特征。主要成果如下：

（1）提出了大倾角煤层区段间会形成不限于煤柱承载的特殊覆岩承载结构-广义区段煤柱结构。受大倾角采场围岩非对称应力演化和非均衡变形破断影响，在多区段开采时，区段间破断残余的顶（底）板岩层、部分垮落充填矸石将协同区段煤柱参与区段覆岩的承载而在区段间形成特殊的“广义区段煤柱结构”。根据顶底板破断运移特征及其于区段煤柱间的相互作用机制，可将广义区段煤柱结构简化为“岩+（煤-矸）”、“（岩+煤）-矸”、“岩+（煤+岩）-矸”、“(岩+煤+岩)-矸”四类承载结构模型。广义区段煤柱的稳定性控制不仅关乎区段覆岩的稳定，而且是解决采空区“空洞”威胁和实现大倾角煤层多区段开采大范围岩层控制及保障采场安全的关键。

（2）明晰了大倾角煤层广义区段煤柱结构的形成演变规律。广义区段煤柱结构的形成是各区段采场围岩协同区段煤柱发生时序性变形、破断的结果，会随各区段工作面的开采呈现出时序性、非对称性和多元协同演变特性。按照大倾角煤层多区段开采工序，广义区段煤柱的形成将依次经历：上区段工作面掘巷、上区段工作面回采、下区段工作面掘巷、下区段工作面回采4个开采阶段，产生“煤柱-双侧煤体”—“上巷围岩-煤柱-下侧煤体”—“矸石-破断残余顶底板+煤柱-下侧煤体”—“矸石-破断残余顶底板+煤柱-下巷围岩”结构形式的演变，最终在区段间形成包含工作面区域倒梯形（矸石承载区）、倒三角形（空洞区）破断残余顶板的“矸石-破断残余顶板+煤柱+破断残余底板”协同承载的广义区段煤柱结构。

（3）追溯了大倾角采场围岩及广义区段煤柱结构变形受载的时空演化历程。大倾角采场围岩经历时序性、非均衡破断演变和非对称应力演化，最终分别在上、下区段工作面顶板内形成高度上大下小，向倾向上部偏移的“斜梯形”破断垮落结构和“逆向双曲率拱壳形”应力分布形态。在煤柱两侧采场围岩非对称分布应力及其时空传递作用下，广义区段煤柱结构的受载历程呈阶段性、区域性、叠加扰动的演化特征，应力分布状态和压力拱界线最终沿倾向演变为向倾向上部偏移的椭圆拱形。广义区段煤柱结构的支承压力峰值位置向倾向上部偏移而出现在靠近煤柱倾向上侧边缘的煤体区域内。

（4）揭示了大倾角煤层广义区段煤柱结构内“煤岩组合体-矸石”的协同承载力学作用过程及失稳破坏机理。基于覆岩变形破断时序及其与广义区段煤柱的力学作用关系，可将力学作用过程分为：低位覆岩弯曲变形、中位覆岩单向破断回转、中位覆岩双向破断回转、高位覆岩下沉变形4个阶段。通过构建采场覆岩的“双拱”力学模型，推导了覆岩承载拱的合理轴线方程，获得了各阶段广义区段煤柱结构的应力边界条件。建立了不同开采阶段下广义区段煤柱结构的倾向力学模型，基于拱脚约束力的叠加效应，分析了广义区段煤柱的失稳破坏区域及强度条件，揭示了矸石垂直承载和侧压约束影响下由煤岩组合体主控的广义区段煤柱结构失稳破坏机理。

（5）构建了基于时序性承载控制与多区段联合管控的广义区段煤柱结构稳定性控制基础理论框架。提出了“充分发挥矸石承载效应，构建多元协同承载体系；精准判别控制对象与目标，运用多元且灵活控制策略；强化开采时序性承载控制，保障承载体协同稳定承载；推行多区段采空区联合管控，引导承载结构可控动态失稳”4项稳定性控制原则。研发了基于静态膨胀剂定向致裂弱化煤体引导广义区段煤柱结构适时破坏的动态稳定性控制技术，并结合实验对其控制效果进行了分析验证。

研究结果对实现大范围岩层控制、提高工作面围岩系统稳定性以及丰富大倾角煤层开采基础理论具有比较重要的理论和现实意义。

The broken and collapsed roof gangue of the steeply dipping working face will roll and slide along the bottom of the working face under the action of gravity and show a non-uniform filling form, and a " cavity " will be formed in the rear goaf of the upper part of the working face. In the multi-section mining, the structural form and bearing characteristics of the section coal pillar will be changed to varying degrees, and even the chain instability of the coal pillar group will be induced, which will seriously affect the safety production of the working face in each section. In order to solve this problem, this thesis has adopted the research methods of field measurement, physical similarity simulation experiment, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis to construct the " generalized section coal pillar " structural model of longwall mining in steeply dipping coal seam, and systematically studied the load deformation and stability characteristics of generalized section coal pillar. The main research results are as follows:

(1) It is proposed that a special overburden bearing structure - generalized section coal pillar structure, which is not limited to the bearing of coal pillar, will be formed between sections of steeply dipping coal seams. Under the influence of asymmetric stress evolution and unbalanced deformation and fracture of surrounding rock of steeply dipping stope, in multi-section mining, the broken residual roof (floor) slate and partially collapsed filling gangue between sections will cooperate with section coal pillar to participate in the bearing of section overburden rock and form a special 'generalized section coal pillar structure 'between sections. According to the fracture and migration characteristics of the roof and floor and the interaction mechanism between the section coal pillars, the generalized section coal pillar structure can be simplified into four types of bearing structure models: " rock + (coal-gangue) ", " (rock + coal) -gangue ", " rock + (coal + rock) -gangue ", " (rock + coal + rock) -gangue ". The stability control of the generalized section coal pillar is not only related to the stability of section overburden, but also the key to solve the threat of " cavity " in goaf, realize the large-scale ground control in multi-section mining of steeply dipping coal seams, and ensure the safety of the stope.

(2) It is clear that the formation and evolution law of the generalized section coal pillar structure in the steeply dipping coal seam. The formation of the generalized section coal pillar structure is the result of the sequential deformation and breaking of the surrounding rock of the stope in each section, which will show the characteristics of sequential, asymmetric and multi-coordinated evolution with the mining of the working face in each section. According to the multi-section mining process of steeply dipping coal seam, the formation of generalized section coal pillar will experience four mining stages in turn: roadway excavation in upper section working face, mining in upper section working face, roadway excavation in lower section working face and mining in lower section working face. The evolution of the structural form of " coal pillar-bilateral coal body " - " surrounding rock of upper roadway-coal pillar-lower section coal body " - " gangue-broken residual roof and floor + coal pillar-lower section coal body " - " gangue-broken residual roof and floor + coal pillar- surrounding rock of lower roadway " was formed. Finally, a generalized section coal pillar structure with synergistic bearing of " gangue-broken residual roof + coal pillar + broken residual floor " containing inverted trapezoid (gangue bearing area) and inverted triangle (cavity area) broken residual roof of working face area was formed between sections.

(3) The temporal and spatial evolution law of deformation and load of surrounding rock and generalized section coal pillar structure in steeply dipping coal seam is traced. The surrounding rock of the steeply dipping stope undergoes time series, non-equilibrium breaking evolution and asymmetric stress evolution. Finally, the " oblique trapezoid " breaking and caving structure and the " reverse double curvature arch shell " stress distribution pattern with large height and small height in the roof of the upper and lower sections of the working face and a tendency to the upper part are formed respectively. Under the asymmetric distribution stress of the surrounding rock on both sides of the coal pillar and its space-time transmission, the loading process of the generalized section coal pillar structure is characterized by stage, regional and superimposed disturbance. The stress distribution state and the pressure arch boundary eventually evolve into an elliptical arch that shifts to the upper part of the tendency. The peak position of the abutment pressure of the generalized section coal pillar structure shifts to the upper part of the tendency and appears in the coal area near the upper edge of the coal pillar tendency.

(4) The synergistic bearing capacity process and instability failure mechanism of " coal-rock combination-gangue " in the generalized section coal pillar structure of steeply dipping coal seam are revealed. Based on the time sequence of overburden deformation and breaking and its mechanical action relationship with generalized section coal pillar, the mechanical action process can be divided into four stages: bending deformation of low-position overburden rock, one-way fracture rotation of middle-position overburden rock, two-way fracture rotation of middle-position overburden rock, and subsidence deformation of high-position overburden rock. By constructing the " double-arch " mechanical model of the overburden rock in the stope, the reasonable axis equation of the overlying rock bearing arch is derived, and the stress boundary condition of the generalized section coal pillar structure is obtained. The tendency mechanical model of the generalized section coal pillar structure under different mining stages is established. Based on the superposition effect of the constraint force of the arch foot, the instability failure area and strength condition of generalized section coal pillar are analyzed, and the instability failure mechanism of generalized section coal pillar structure controlled by coal-rock combination under the influence of vertical bearing and lateral pressure constraint of gangue is revealed.

(5) The basic theoretical framework of stability control of generalized section coal pillar structure based on sequential bearing control and multi-section joint control is constructed. The four stability control principles of " give full play to the bearing effect of gangue, build a multi-coordinated bearing system; accurately distinguish control objects and targets, and use multiple and flexible control strategies; strengthen the sequential bearing control of mining, and ensure the coordinated and stable bearing of the bearing body; carry out joint management and control of multi-section goaf to guide the controllable dynamic instability of bearing structure " are proposed. A dynamic stability control technology based on directional fracturing of static expansion agent to weaken coal body to guide the timely failure of generalized section coal pillar is developed, and its control effect is analyzed and verified by experiments.

The research results have important theoretical and practical significance for realizing the large-scale ground control, improving the stability of surrounding rock system of working face and enriching the basic theory of steeply dipping coal seam mining.

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