煤炭作为我国的基础能源，每年的消耗量非常巨大，为保证生产的正常进行，对于很多煤炭生产或以煤炭为工业原料的企业，都必不可少会储存大量的煤炭。然而煤炭在储存的过程中，由于受储存环境、堆放时间等因素的影响，内部温度会逐渐升高，在满足自燃条件时往往会发生煤自燃现象，煤自燃不仅会造成资源的大量浪费，而且还会对环境造成污染。煤自燃高温区域的判定是防治煤自燃的关键，而现有测温方法均难以准确判定煤自燃高温区域的范围。为此，本文以声波作为探测手段，开展了松散煤体自燃隐患声波感温探测基础研究，深入分析了松散煤体中声波测温的机理，主要工作和成果如下：

本文主要以松散煤体声波测温基础研究为主，首先研究了松散煤体的基础特性。通过对不同地区的各个煤样进行力学特性分析，发现其体积模量的数量级都在10⁹以上，得出煤属于刚性多孔介质的结论。根据声波在刚性多孔介质中的传播特性，确定了声波主要是在松散煤体的空隙中进行传播。结合工业CT扫描实验，研究了松散煤体中空隙的分布特征，得出了不同粒径煤样声波传播路径的变化规律。基于上述研究，进一步分析了煤与空气的热物理特性，发现煤的热物理参数很小，在氧化升温过程中温度变化比较缓慢，通过对比空气的热物理参数，表明了煤自燃高温点附近的空气可以等同于周围煤体的温度，为后续的松散煤体声波测温提供了测试依据。

基于声速法测温技术的基本原理，结合声学基础、热力学、力学等相关学科的知识，进一步推导了自由大气空间中声速与温度的函数关系，得出了声波在气体介质中的传播速度不仅与气体温度有关，同时也与该气体介质的湿度、大气压强以及气体成分有关的结论；根据声波在松散煤体中传播路径的形态特征，将声波在松散煤体中的传播路径假设为理想的圆柱形管，利用声学基础理论，建立了声波在松散煤体中的传播模型；依据松散煤体中空隙的分布特征，引入声波传播路径的曲折度，构建出声学法松散煤体测温模型；基于上述推导过程，进一步对松散煤体声波测温影响因素进行了分析，发现湿度所引起的最大测温误差为8°C左右，而大气压所引起的最大测温误差不超过1°C，因此，湿度所引起的测温误差不可忽略。

声源信号的优劣则会影响声波测温结果的准确性，为此，首先设计构建松散煤体吸声测试以及声波衰减测试实验系统，研究了四种煤样在不同条件下的吸声系数和衰减系数的变化规律，测试结果表明煤样的吸声系数和衰减系数主要与煤颗粒的形状、大小以及堆积状态有关，而与煤样的变质程度关系较小，同时测试结果进一步证明了声波主要是在松散煤体颗粒与颗粒间的空隙中进行传播。基于吸声和衰减分析结果，选择了三种典型声源信号作为研究对象，对比分析三种信号的互相关结果，筛选出以线性扫频信号作为松散煤体的测试信号。通过进一步比较不同频带和长度的线性扫频信号的测试结果，最终确定出四种煤样（长焰煤、不粘煤、焦煤、瘦煤）的最佳声源信号：长度为0.1s，频带分别为400~900 Hz、400~900 Hz、500~1200 Hz、400~900 Hz。

转换因子和声波传播时间是实现松散煤体声波测温的两个关键因素，以优选出来的声源信号作为测试信号，开展了松散煤体声波测温实验，获得了不同温度下声波信号数据，采用小波变换法，建立杂波滤除规则，实现声波信号的有效降噪，从而提取有用声波信息数据；对比不同时延估计方法，辨析不同方法的适用性，确定出最佳时延估计方法，用以计算声波传播时间；根据转换因子随温度的变化规律，建立二者的函数关系式，同时依据测温模型，最终计算出松散煤体声波测温结果。

研究成果可以为地面松散煤体自燃高温点精准探测提供一定的技术支撑，对于松散煤体自燃灾害的早期预防具有重要的实际意义。

As the basic energy of our country, coal consumption is very huge every year. In order to ensure the normal production, it is necessary for many companies that produce coal or use coal as industrial raw materials to store large amounts of coal. However, due to the influence of storage environment and stacking time, the internal temperature of coal will gradually increase in the process of storage. Coal spontaneous combustion often occurs when the conditions for spontaneous combustion are met Coal spontaneous combustion will not only waste a lot of resources, but also pollute the environment. The determination of high temperature area is the key to prevent coal spontaneous combustion, but the existing temperature measurement methods are difficult to accurately determine the high temperature area of coal spontaneous combustion. Therefore, in this paper, acoustic wave is used as the detection method to carry out the basic research on acoustic wave temperature detection for hidden danger of loose coal spontaneous combustion, and the mechanism of acoustic wave temperature measurement is deeply analyzed. The main work and results are as follows:

This paper mainly focuses on the basic research of acoustic wave temperature measurement of loose coal. Firstly, the basic characteristics of loose coal are studied. By analyzing the mechanical properties of coal samples from different areas, it is found that the bulk modulus is above 10⁹, and the coal is a rigid porous medium. According to the propagation characteristics of acoustic waves in rigid porous media, it is determined that acoustic waves mainly propagate in the voids of loose coal. Combined with industrial CT scanning experiment, the distribution characteristics of voids in loose coal are studied, and the variation law of acoustic propagation path of coal samples with different particle sizes is obtained. Based on the above research, the thermophysical properties of coal and air are further analyzed. It is found that the thermophysical parameters of coal are very small, and the temperature changes slowly during the oxidation and temperature rising. By comparing the thermophysical parameters of the air, it is shown that the air near the high temperature point of coal spontaneous combustion can be equal to the temperature of the surrounding coal, which provides a test basis for the subsequent acoustic wave temperature measurement of the loose coal.

Based on the basic principle of sound velocity temperature measurement technology, and combined with the knowledge of acoustics, thermodynamics, mechanics and other related disciplines, the functional relationship between sound velocity and temperature in free atmospheric space is further deduced. It is concluded that the propagation speed of acoustic wave in gas medium is not only related to the gas temperature, but also related to the humidity, atmospheric pressure and composition of the gas medium. According to the morphological characteristics of acoustic wave propagation path in loose coal, the propagation path is assumed to be an ideal cylindrical tube, and the propagation model of acoustic wave in loose coal is established by using the basic acoustic theory. According to the distribution characteristics of voids in loose coal, the tortuosity of acoustic propagation path is introduced, and the acoustic temperature measurement model of loose coal is constructed. Based on the above derivation process, the factors affecting the acoustic temperature measurement of loose coal are further analyzed. It is found that the maximum temperature measurement error caused by humidity is about 8°C, while that caused by atmospheric pressure is less than 1°C. Therefore, the temperature measurement error caused by humidity can not be ignored.

The quality of sound source signal will affect the accuracy of acoustic wave temperature measurement results. Firstly, the sound absorption and attenuation test system of loose coal is designed and constructed. The changes of sound absorption and attenuation coefficients of four coal samples under different conditions are studied. The test results show that the sound absorption and attenuation coefficients of coal samples are mainly related to the shape, size and stacking state of coal particles, but less to the metamorphic degree of coal samples. At the same time, the test results further prove that the acoustic wave mainly propagates in the gap between the loose coal particles. Based on the results of sound absorption and attenuation analysis, three typical sound source signals are selected as the research objects. By comparing and analyzing the cross-correlation results of the three signals, the linear sweep signal is selected as the test signal of loose coal. By further comparing the test results of linear sweep signals with different frequency bands and lengths, the best sound source signals of the four coal samples (long flame coal, non-caking coal, coking coal, and lean coal) are finally determined: the length is 0.1s, and the frequency bands are 400~900 Hz, 400~900 Hz, 500~1200 Hz, and 400~900 Hz respectively.

Conversion factor and acoustic propagation time are two key factors to realize acoustic wave temperature measurement of loose coal. Taking the best sound source signal as the test signal, the acoustic wave temperature measurement experiment of loose coal is carried out, and the acoustic signal data at different temperatures are obtained. By using wavelet transform and establishing clutter filtering rules, the effective noise reduction of acoustic signal is realized, and the useful acoustic information data is extracted. The best time delay estimation method is determined to calculate the acoustic propagation time by comparing and analyzing the applicability of different methods. According to the change law of conversion factor with temperature, the function relationship between them is established. At the same time, the temperature measurement model is applied to calculate the acoustic wave temperature measurement results of loose coal.

The research results can provide certain technical support for accurate detection of high temperature point of loose coal spontaneous combustion on the ground, and have important practical significance for the early prevention of loose coal spontaneous combustion.

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