目前，随着我国经济的飞速发展和城市化进程的加速推进，城市建设和家庭装修的需求也在不断增加，国内消费者对品质和环保要求的提高使得木质建材家具行业受到更多的关注和青睐，科技和设计的进步推动着木质建材行业的蓬勃发展。但是近年来由木材引发的火灾事故频发，为了提高木材的阻燃性能，选取膨胀型阻燃剂涂敷在木材表面。膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)在燃烧时会膨胀发泡来进行阻燃，是一种环保的阻燃剂，使用膨胀型阻燃剂对木材进行阻燃可以提高木材燃点，减少了木材燃烧过程中对环境的污染。目前随着社会发展，单纯提高膨胀型阻燃剂性能已经不是唯一的需求，希望能在提高膨胀型阻燃剂性能的同时降低成本。本文以煤矸石为协效剂，研究煤矸石与改性煤矸石对膨胀型阻燃剂性能的影响，以期提高膨胀型阻燃剂性能同时实现绿色发展。本文主要结论如下：

本文由于钼和硼元素在燃烧过程可以协同炭层形成，所以本文分别选取三聚氰胺草酸盐、三聚氰胺钼酸盐及三聚氰胺硼酸盐作为酸源，季戊四醇为炭源，尿素为气源，制备了膨胀型阻燃剂通过锥形量热仪(CONE)、热重分析仪(TGA-DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、极限氧指数(LOI)、UL-94水平垂直燃烧仪分别对试样的阻燃性能进行表征，实验结果表明，三聚氰胺硼酸盐为酸源时，阻燃性能最优；当n(三聚氰胺)：n(硼酸)为3：1时，总热释放量26.38 kJ/m²，相对于原木的总热释放量45.93 kJ/m²降低了42.56%；热释放速率峰值98.60 kW/m²，相比于原木的172.67 kW/m²降低了42.89%；烟释放总量为1.61 m²，相比于原木的3.18m²降低了49.37%；烟释放速率峰值为0.0065 m²/s，相比于原木的0.028 m²/s降低了76.78%；极限氧指数为34.86%，达到V-0级。

(2) 煤矸石作为协效剂时，对三聚氰胺硼酸盐膨胀型阻燃剂阻燃性能均有一定提升，这归因于加入煤矸石给膨胀型阻燃剂引入的Si元素可以帮助膨胀型阻燃剂形成更加致密的炭层；当加入煤矸石质量分数为8wt%，阻燃剂性能最优。总热释放量13.94 kJ/m²，相较三聚氰胺硼酸盐膨胀型阻燃剂降低46.30%，热释放速率峰值45.69 kW/m²，较基体降低55.76%；烟释放总量1.32 m²，降低18.01%；烟释放速率峰值0.0038 m²/s，降低11.53%，极限氧指数为36.45%，达到V-0级。

(3) 为提高膨胀型阻燃剂的抑烟性能，分别制备出硫化钼负载型改性煤矸石协效剂及SiO₂-TiO₂改性煤矸石协效剂。结果表明，改性煤矸石协效阻燃剂阻燃性能均优于未改性煤矸石阻燃剂，这归因于引入的Ti、Mo元素具有比较高的熔点和化学稳定性。当引入硫化钼负载型改性煤矸石协效剂，膨胀型阻燃剂总热释放量13.59 kJ/m²；热释放速率峰值39.87 kW/m²；烟释放总量为1.12 m²，相对于未改性煤矸石膨胀型阻燃剂降低了15.15%；烟释放速率峰值为0.0038 m²/s；极限氧指数为36.61%，达到V-0级。将二氧化钛及二氧化硅包覆到煤矸石表面，SiO₂-TiO₂改性煤矸石膨胀型阻燃剂总热释放量12.39 kJ/m²，相比煤矸石协效三聚氰胺硼酸盐膨胀型阻燃剂降低11.12%；热释放速率峰值40.01 kW/m²，降低12.43%；烟释放总量为1.13 m²，降低14.39%；烟释放速率峰值为0.0029 m²/s，降低23.68%，极限氧指数为36.56%，达到V-0级。

煤矸石协效膨胀型阻燃剂的研究和应用对于解决煤矸石的高附加值利用具有重要的现实意义。利用煤矸石可以实现环境保护和再生资源利用共赢，符合国家可持续发展战略，为煤矸石的高效利用开辟了一条新的技术途径。本文所研究的煤矸石协效膨胀型阻燃剂，相比于市场上同类阻燃剂提升了阻燃性能，降低了生产成本。

At present, with the rapid development of China's economy and the accelerated progress of urbanisation, urban construction and home improvement needs are also increasing, domestic consumers on the quality and environmental protection requirements of the improvement of wooden building materials and furniture industry has been more attention and favour, the progress of science and technology and design to promote the wood building materials industry's booming development.However, in recent years, there are a lot of fire accidents caused by wood, in order to improve the flame retardant property of wood, we choose intumescent flame retardant to be coated on the surface of wood. Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) is an environmentally friendly flame retardant that expands and foams during combustion. The use of IFR for wood can increase the ignition point of wood and reduce the environmental pollution during the combustion process of wood.At present, with the development of society, simply improve the performance of intumescent flame retardants is not the only demand, hope to improve the performance of intumescent flame retardants while reducing costs. In this paper, we take gangue as the co-efficient, and study the influence of gangue and modified gangue on the performance of intumescent flame retardants, in order to improve the performance of intumescent flame retardants and achieve green development at the same time. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows:

(1) In this paper, since the elements of molybdenum and boron can synergise the formation of carbon layer during the combustion process, melamine oxalate, melamine molybdate and melamine borate were selected as the acid source, pentaerythritol as the charcoal source, and urea as the gas source, respectively, and the intumescent flame retardant was prepared to characterize the flame retardant properties of the specimens by conical calorimetry (CONE), thermogravimetric analyser (TGA-DSC), scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), limiting Oxygen Index (LOI), UL-94 horizontal and vertical combustion meter were used to characterise the flame retardant properties of the specimens, respectively, and the experimental results showed that the flame retardancy was optimal when melamine borate was the acid source; when n(melamine):n(boric acid) was 3:1, the total heat release was 26.38 kJ/m², which was 42.56% lower compared with the total heat release of 45.93 kJ/m² from the logs; the peak heat release rate was 98.60 kW/m², which was 42.89% lower compared with the 172.67 kW/ m², a reduction of 42.89%; total smoke release of 1.61 m², a reduction of 49.37% compared to the log's 3.18 m²; peak smoke release rate of 0.0065 m²/s, a reduction of 76.78% compared to the log's 0.028 m²/s; and a limiting oxygen index of 34.86% to reach the V-0 level.

(2) When gangue is used as a co-efficacy agent, the flame retardancy of melamine borate intumescent flame retardant has been improved to some extent, which is attributed to the fact that the addition of gangue to the intumescent flame retardant introduces the Si element that can help the intumescent flame retardant to form a denser carbon layer;When the mass fraction of gangue added was 8 wt%, the flame retardant performance was optimal. Total heat release 13.94 kJ/m², compared with melamine borate intumescent flame retardant reduced by 46.30%, the peak heat release rate of 45.69 kW/m², reduced by 55.76% compared with the substrate; the total smoke release of 1.32 m², reduced by 18.01%; the peak smoke release rate of 0.0038 m²/s, reduced by 11.53%, the limiting oxygen index of 36.45% , reaching V-0 level.

(3) In order to improve the smoke suppression performance of intumescent flame retardants, molybdenum sulphide-loaded modified gangue synergists and SiO₂-TiO₂ gangue synergists were prepared respectively. The results show that the flame retardant properties of the modified gangue synergistic flame retardants are better than those of the unmodified gangue flame retardants, which is attributed to the introduction of Ti and Mo elements with relatively high melting point and chemical stability.When molybdenum sulphide-loaded modified gangue synergist was introduced, the total heat release of the intumescent flame retardant was 13.59 kJ/m²; the peak heat release rate was 39.87 kW/m²; the total smoke release was 1.12 m², which was reduced by 15.15% relative to that of the unmodified gangue intumescent flame retardant; the peak smoke release rate was 0.0038 m²/s; and the limiting oxygen index was 36.61%, which was up to V-0 grade. SiO₂-TiO₂ gangue, silica and titanium coating modified gangue intumescent flame retardant total heat release 12.39 kJ/m²,compared with the gangue co-efficient melamine borate intumescent flame retardant reduced by 11.12%; heat release rate peak 40.01 kW/m², reduced by 12.43%; smoke release total 1.13 m², reduced by 14.39%; smoke release rate peak 0.0038 m²/s; ultimate oxygen index is 36.61% to V-0 level. The peak release rate is 0.0029 m²/s, reduced by 23.68%, and the limiting oxygen index is 36.56%, reaching V-0 grade.

The research and application of gangue synergistic expansion type flame retardant has important practical significance for solving the high value-added use of coal gangue. The use of coal gangue can achieve a win-win situation for environmental protection and renewable resources, in line with the national sustainable development strategy, and opens up a new technical way for the efficient use of coal gangue. The gangue synergistic expansion type flame retardant researched in this paper improves the flame retardant performance and reduces the production cost compared with similar flame retardants on the market.

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