陕北侏罗纪煤田北部煤炭开采活动导致的覆岩采动裂隙发育是影响关键含水层损伤的主要原因，也是造成矿区生态环境退化的根源。煤层上覆岩层结构中发育的厚硬砂岩作为一种典型的地质条件，其对覆岩采动裂隙的发育规律具有重要的影响。因此，研究覆岩采动裂隙发育规律，揭示其对厚硬砂岩的响应机制，对陕北煤矿区采动减损具有重要的理论指导意义。本文以陕北侏罗纪煤田北部煤炭开采区为研究区，采用室内测试、现场实测、数值模拟和理论分析等综合研究方法，界定了厚硬砂岩的条件，分析了研究区主采煤层上覆基岩中厚硬砂岩的发育特征及覆岩采动裂隙发育规律；研究了厚基岩条件下煤层上覆厚硬砂岩对覆岩采动裂隙动态发育过程的影响规律，以及薄基岩条件下煤层上覆厚硬砂岩对覆岩采动裂隙动态演化规律的影响和覆岩破坏结构的控制机制；构建了考虑厚硬砂岩影响作用的覆岩采动裂隙发育高度理论模型，并通过工程实例验证了模型的准确性和可靠性。取得的主要成果如下：

（1）系统分析了陕北侏罗纪煤田北部主采煤层上覆厚硬砂岩空间展布特征。在归纳分析研究区覆岩层状结构及砂岩发育特性的基础上，界定了厚硬砂岩条件为主采煤层上覆岩层中厚度系数大于或等于10%且单轴抗压强度大于或等于30 MPa的砂类岩层。其中，厚基岩区厚硬砂岩厚度大于或等于20 m，平均为25 m，距煤层约60 ~ 120 m，平均约80 m；薄基岩区厚硬砂岩基本小于10 m，距煤层约0 ~ 20 m，平均间距10 m左右；研究区内厚硬砂岩厚度自东北向西南逐渐增大，距主采煤层间距自东向西逐渐增大。

（2）研究了厚基岩与薄基岩矿区主采煤层覆岩采动裂隙发育特征。在厚基岩矿区，沿工作面走向中心剖面覆岩采动裂隙呈“正梯形”发育特征，覆岩采动裂隙发育高度介于115 ~ 140 m之间，裂采比介于23 ~ 28之间，当上覆厚硬砂岩距煤层间距 ≥ 100 m时，厚硬砂岩对覆岩采动裂隙向上发育具有显著的抑制作用，反之，采动裂隙发育最终发育贯穿厚硬砂岩，但其对采动裂隙空间形态的动态变化过程具有重要的影响。在薄基岩矿区，覆岩采动裂隙发育贯穿上覆厚硬砂岩后最终发育贯通地表形成地裂缝，相邻地表裂缝间距介于10 ~ 14 m之间，平均12 m。覆岩采动裂隙发育高度受工作面采高、覆岩岩性、开采速度以及采深等地质与采矿条件综合影响。

（3）模拟研究了厚硬砂岩厚度和位置对覆岩采动裂隙发育的影响规律。研究结果表明：在厚基岩条件下，覆岩采动裂隙发育高度随厚硬砂岩层位的升高呈“V”字型变化特征，厚硬砂岩距煤层间距平均为95 m时，采动裂隙发育高度处于“V”字型拐点最低状态；当厚硬砂岩位置系数处于45% ~ 50%时，厚硬砂岩处于有效抑制临界状态，采动裂隙未能完全贯穿厚硬砂岩且最终发育高度最小，约100 m左右，该临界状态下厚硬砂岩距煤层间距和厚度对应的双临界特征值之间呈现幂指数关系特征；当厚硬砂岩位置系数处于50% ~ 75%时，厚硬砂岩可有效抑制覆岩采动裂隙向上发育，采动裂隙最大发育高度随厚硬砂岩层位的升高呈线性增大特征；当厚硬砂岩位置系数小于45%时，覆岩采动裂隙发育贯穿厚硬砂岩，发育至峰值状态约150 m左右；当厚硬砂岩位置系数大于75%时，覆岩采动裂隙发育未能触及厚硬砂岩，且达到最大150 m左右。此外，当厚硬砂岩在煤层覆岩中的位置分别处于高位、中位、低位时，覆岩采动裂隙空间形态随工作面的推进依次呈现“全程马鞍形”、“拱形—马鞍形—正梯形”、“拱形—马鞍形—正梯形—马鞍形”的动态发育过程。在薄基岩条件下，覆岩采动裂隙最终均发育贯通至地表形成采动地裂缝，其先后先后经历非连续跳跃式、连续贯通式和横向扩展式3个宏观动态演化过程，以及“孕育产生—延伸扩展—聚合成群—贯通成缝”的细观动态发育过程，同时，受厚硬砂岩的控制作用，覆岩破坏结构呈现“双分层”特征，覆岩破断岩块尺寸随岩层层位的升高呈幂指数增长特征。

（4）基于岩层碎胀理论，建立了考虑厚硬砂岩影响作用的覆岩采动裂隙发育高度理论模型。通过分析覆岩残余碎胀系数与岩层高度的关系，以及厚硬砂岩对垮落带岩层残余碎胀系数的影响规律发现，覆岩残余碎胀系数随破坏岩层距煤层间距的增大而呈对数衰减特征，垮落带岩体碎胀压实后的残余碎胀系数随上覆荷载的增大而呈对数衰减变化特征；以此为基础构建了考虑上覆厚硬砂岩位置系数和厚度的覆岩采动裂隙发育高度理论模型，并通过工程实例验证了理论模型的可靠性和准确性。

The development of overburden mining fractures caused by coal mining activities in the northern part of the Jurassic coalfield in northern Shaanxi is a key factor affecting key aquifers and also the root cause of ecological environment degradation in the mining area. As a typical geological condition, the thick hard sandstone developed in overlying strata structure of coal seam has an important influence on the development law of mining cracks in overlying strata. Therefore, it is of great theoretical guiding significance to study the developing law of mining cracks in overlying strata and reveal its response mechanism to thick hard sandstone. Taking the northern coal mining area of Jurassic coalfield in northern Shaanxi as the research area, this paper puts forward the concept of thick hard sandstone by using comprehensive research methods such as indoor testing, field measurement, numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, and analyzes the development characteristics of medium thick hard sandstone in overlying bedrock and the development law of mining cracks in overlying strata in the research area. The influence of thick hard sandstone on the dynamic development of mining cracks in overlying strata under the condition of thick bedrock, the influence of thick hard sandstone on the dynamic evolution of mining cracks in overlying strata under the condition of thin bedrock and the control mechanism of overlying strata failure structure are studied. A theoretical model of the development height of mining cracks in overlying strata considering the influence of thick hard sandstone is constructed, and the accuracy and reliability of the model are verified by engineering examples. The main achievements are as follows:

(1) This paper analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of thick hard sandstone overlying the main coal seam in the northern mining area of the Jurassic coalfield in northern Shaanxi. On the basis of summarizing and analyzing the overlying strata structure and sandstone development characteristics in the study area, the concept of thick hard sandstone is defined as the sandy strata with thickness coefficient greater than or equal to 10% and uniaxial compressive strength greater than or equal to 30 MPa in the overlying strata of the main coal seam. Among them, the thickness of thick hard sandstone in the thick bedrock area is greater than or equal to 20 m, with an average of 25 m, about 60 ~ 120 m away from coal seams, with an average of 80 m. Thick hard sandstone in the thin bedrock area is basically less than 10 m, about 0 ~ 20 m away from coal seams, with an average spacing of about 10 m; The thickness of thick hard sandstone in the study area gradually increases from northeast to southwest, and the distance from the main coal seam gradually increases from east to west.

(2) In this paper, the development characteristics of mining cracks in overlying strata of main coal seams in thick and thin bedrock mining areas are studied. In the mining area with thick bedrock, the mining cracks in overlying strata along the central section of the working face are "regular trapezoid",and the development height of mining cracks in overlying strata is between 115 ~ 140 m, and the fracture-mining ratio is between 23 ~ 28. When the distance between overlying thick hard sandstone and coal seam is more than or equal to ≥100 m, thick hard sandstone has a significant inhibitory effect on the upward development of mining cracks in overlying strata. On the contrary, the development of mining cracks eventually runs through thick hard sandstone, but it has an important impact on the development process of mining cracks. In the thin bedrock mining area, mining cracks in overlying strata develop through thick hard sandstone, and then finally develop through the surface to form ground cracks. The distance between adjacent surface cracks is between 10 and 14 m, with an average of 12 m. The development height of mining induced fractures in overlying strata is influenced by geological and mining conditions such as mining face height, overlying rock lithology, mining speed, and mining depth.

(3) In this paper, the influence of the thickness and position of thick hard sandstone on the development of mining cracks in overlying strata is simulated and studied. The results show that under the condition of thick bedrock, the development height of mining cracks in overlying strata changes in a "V" shape with the increase of the thick hard sandstone horizon. When the average distance between thick hard sandstone and coal seam is 95 m, the development height of mining cracks is in the lowest state of "V" inflection point. When the position coefficient of thick hard sandstone is between 45% and 50%, the thick hard sandstone is in the critical state of effective suppression, and the mining fracture fails to completely penetrate the thick hard sandstone and the final development height is the smallest, about 100 m. In this critical state, the distance between the thick hard sandstone and the coal seam and the double critical eigenvalue corresponding to the thickness show a power exponential relationship. When the position coefficient of thick hard sandstone is between 50% and 75%, thick hard sandstone can effectively inhibit the upward development of mining cracks in overlying strata, and the maximum development height of mining cracks increases linearly with the increase of the thick hard sandstone horizon. When the position coefficient of thick hard sandstone is less than 45%, the mining cracks in overlying strata develop through thick hard sandstone and reach the peak state of about 150 m; When the position coefficient of thick hard sandstone is greater than 75%, the development of mining cracks in overlying strata fails to touch thick hard sandstone, and the maximum is about 150 m. In addition, when the position of thick hard sandstone in overlying strata of coal seam is in high position, middle position and low position respectively, the spatial shape of mining cracks in overlying strata presents a dynamic development process of "full saddle shape", "arch – saddle – saddle – shaped – trapezoid shape" and "arch – saddle – saddle – shaped – trapezoid shape – saddle – shaped" in turn with the advance of working face. Under the condition of thin bedrock, the mining cracks in overlying strata eventually developed through to the surface to form mining ground cracks, which successively experienced three macro-dynamic evolution processes: discontinuous jump, continuous penetration and lateral expansion, and the micro-dynamic development process of "gestation – extension – aggregation – penetration into cracks". At the same time, under the control of thick hard sandstone, the overlying strata failure structure is characterized by "double stratification", and the size of the overlying strata failure block increases exponentially with the increase of strata level.

(4) Based on the theory of rock fragmentation and expansion, this paper establishes a theoretical model of the development height of mining cracks in overlying strata considering the influence of thick hard sandstone. By analyzing the relationship between the residual crushing expansion coefficient of overlying strata and the height of rock strata, and the influence law of thick hard sandstone on the residual crushing expansion coefficient of rock strata in the caving zone, it is found that the residual crushing expansion coefficient of overlying strata decreases logarithmically with the increase of the distance between the damaged rock strata and the coal seam, and the residual crushing expansion coefficient of rock mass in the caving zone decreases logarithmically with the increase of overlying load. On this basis, a theoretical model of the development height of mining cracks in overlying strata considering the position coefficient and the thickness of overlying thick hard sandstone is constructed, and the reliability and accuracy of the theoretical model are verified by engineering examples.

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