我国作为煤炭大国，每年会产生大量的煤矿采空区，在“双碳”目标的大背景下，若能充分利用这些采空区进行CO₂地质封存，实现采空区的二次利用，无疑会产生巨大的经济效益，增加资源的利用率，加速实现碳达峰和碳中和。然而，采空区独特的裂隙分布特征，导致其相较于其他地质封存方式具有更高的泄漏风险。因此，为了明确采空区封存CO₂泄漏至大气后的扩散规律，本文以陕北某试验矿井为例，对泄漏至地表的CO₂扩散规律进行了一系列的数值模拟研究，并设计了泄漏后的应急处置方案。

对试验地点近五年的风力状况进行了总结，为后续数值模拟中风速的选择提供了参考依据。利用高斯-克吕格投影将封存地点的工程坐标转换为经纬度坐标，确定了封存位置。选取了封存地点周围1500m×1500m的区域作为模拟区域，根据封存区域的DEM高程数据提取了地形特征，建立了真实地形的数值模型。分别设计了无植被地形和有植被地形上的CO₂扩散模拟方案，研究地形、风速和风向以及植被变化对CO₂扩散的影响。

采用Fluent软件对CO₂在平坦地形和复杂地形下的扩散特性进行了数值模拟，分析了风速、风向和地形对CO₂扩散的影响。当风速为0时，CO₂主要沿着地形的坡度方向扩散，形成重力驱动的下坡流；当风速不为0时，CO₂的扩散方向受到风力驱动的影响，与风向基本一致，且风速越大，CO₂的横向扩散越弱；环境温度对CO₂扩散的影响可以忽略不计。以1%浓度的CO₂等值面为界限，划分了人员危险区域，并计算了在不同情况下CO₂扩散3600s后的危害范围，为CO₂泄漏事故的防范和应急提供了参考依据。

系统地分析了地表灌木林对CO₂扩散的影响，采用了多孔介质模型来模拟灌木林的结构特征，考虑了不同的孔隙度和高度对CO₂扩散的影响。灌木林密度越大，CO₂在纵向上的扩散阻力越大，但同时也会增加CO₂在横向和竖向上的扩散范围，这可能会加剧CO₂泄漏的危害。灌木林高度对CO₂扩散的影响较小，但当高度较低时，会增强CO₂扩散的不稳定性。此外，当泄漏点位于灌木林内时，CO₂的初始扩散速度会降低，并且受到更大的扰动。

对CO₂采空区封存泄漏事故的预防和应对策略进行了研究和创新。在泄漏前，提出了一种基于多源数据的智能监测和预警系统，能够实时监测封存区的大气、土壤、地下水等环境参数，并利用机器学习算法分析异常信号，及时发现泄漏隐患并启动应急预案。在泄漏后，提出了一种基于GIS的安全疏散模型，能够根据泄漏源位置和CO₂扩散特性，结合地形、风向、交通等因素，动态规划最佳疏散路线，并指导人员迅速撤离危险区域。同时，提出了一种基于故障诊断的补救方案选择方法，能够根据泄漏原因和程度，选择最合适的补救技术，有效控制泄漏事故的影响范围和程度。

As a major coal-producing country, China generates a large amount of coal mine goaf every year. In the context of the “dual carbon” goals, if these goaf areas can be fully utilized for CO₂ geological sequestration, achieving secondary utilization of goaf areas, it will undoubtedly generate huge economic benefits, increase resource utilization rate, and accelerate the realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. However, the unique fracture distribution characteristics of the goaf lead to higher leakage risk than other geological storage methods. Therefore, in order to clarify the diffusion law of CO₂ sequestration in goaf areas after leakage to the atmosphere, this paper takes a test mine well in northern Shaanxi as an example, and conducts a series of numerical simulation studies on the diffusion law of CO₂ leaked to the surface, and designs emergency response plans after leakage.

The wind conditions of the experimental site in the past five years were summarized, which provided a reference basis for the selection of wind speed in the subsequent numerical simulation. The engineering coordinates of the sequestration site were converted into latitude and longitude coordinates by using Gauss-Krüger projection, and the sequestration location was determined. A 1500m×1500m area around the sequestration site was selected as the simulation area, and the terrain features were extracted according to the DEM elevation data of the sequestration area, and a numerical model of realistic terrain was established. The simulation schemes of CO₂ diffusion on unvegetated terrain and vegetated terrain were designed respectively to study the effects of terrain, wind speed, wind direction and vegetation change on CO₂ diffusion.

The numerical simulation of CO₂ diffusion characteristics under flat terrain and complex terrain was carried out by using Fluent software, and the effects of wind speed, wind direction and terrain on CO₂ diffusion were analyzed. When the wind speed was 0, CO₂ mainly diffused along the slope direction of the terrain, forming a gravity-driven downhill flow; when the wind speed was not 0, the diffusion direction of CO₂ was affected by the wind force, and was basically consistent with the wind direction, and the larger the wind speed, the weaker the lateral diffusion of CO₂; the environmental temperature had negligible effect on CO₂ diffusion. Taking the 1% concentration of CO₂ isopleth as the boundary, the personnel danger area was divided, and the hazard range of CO₂ diffusion after 3600s under different situations was calculated, which provided a reference basis for the prevention and emergency response of CO₂ leakage accidents.

The influence of surface shrubland on CO₂ diffusion was systematically analyzed, and a porous medium model was used to simulate the structural characteristics of shrubland, considering the effects of different porosity and height on CO₂ diffusion. The denser the shrubland, the greater the diffusion resistance of CO₂ in the vertical direction, but at the same time, it will also increase the diffusion range of CO₂ in the horizontal and vertical directions, which may aggravate the harm of CO₂ leakage. The height of shrubland has little effect on CO₂ diffusion, but when the height is low, it will enhance the instability of CO₂ diffusion. In addition, when the leakage point is located in the shrubland, the initial diffusion speed of CO₂ will be reduced, and it will be subject to greater disturbance.

The prevention and response strategies for CO₂ sequestration leakage accidents in goaf areas were studied and innovated. Before the leakage, a smart monitoring and early warning system based on multi-source data was proposed, which could monitor the environmental parameters such as atmosphere, soil, groundwater, etc. of the sequestration area in real time, and use machine learning algorithms to analyze abnormal signals, timely detect leakage risks and initiate emergency plans. After the leakage, a safety evacuation model based on GIS was proposed, which could dynamically plan the optimal evacuation route according to the leakage source location and CO₂ diffusion characteristics, combined with factors such as terrain, wind direction, traffic, etc., and guide personnel to quickly evacuate the danger area. At the same time, a remediation scheme selection method based on fault diagnosis was proposed, which could select the most suitable remediation technology according to the cause and degree of leakage, effectively control the impact range and degree of leakage accidents.

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