低阶煤的微生物降解在常温、常压下进行，具有能耗低、设备简单和环境友好等优点，是低阶煤绿色转化的有效途径之一。然而，大多数研究发现煤的微生物降解率普遍较低，因此，研究者们尝试利用表面活性剂来优化降解过程，目前该研究主要集中于表面活性剂对煤表面性质的改性，而关于表面活性剂对微生物细胞的影响研究较少。

本文选取了3种类型的表面活性剂，分别为非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100，阴离子表面活性剂SDS和阳离子表面活性剂DTAB。基于表面活性剂与细胞的相互作用，研究了铜绿假单胞菌和日本假单胞菌2种细菌，在表面活性剂的作用下对新疆乌东低阶煤的降解过程和降解机理。

主要工作如下：

（1）探讨了表面活性剂对细菌细胞膜通透性和细胞表面疏水性的影响

测定了在3种表面活性剂作用下，细菌的细胞膜通透性和细胞表面疏水性，结果表明：Triton X-100提高了2种细菌细胞膜的通透性，而SDS和DTAB均降低了2种细菌细胞膜的通透性。当Triton X-100的浓度分别为4 CMC（临近胶束浓度）和6 CMC时，铜绿假单胞菌和日本假单胞菌细胞膜的通透性达到最大值；而SDS和DTAB即使在浓度较低（0.2 CMC）时，都会使2种细菌细胞膜的通透性降低。此外，3种表面活性剂均提高了2种细菌细胞表面疏水性，且当它们的浓度均为CMC时，2种细菌的细胞表面疏水性均能达到最大值。

（2）研究了表面活性剂作用下乌东煤的微生物降解过程

在未添加表面活性剂的微生物降解煤的过程中，确定了2种细菌对乌东煤的最佳降解条件。当铜绿假单胞菌和日本假单胞菌的培养时间分别为36 h和48 h，煤样粒径均为0.25-0.50 mm，煤浆浓度均为0.3 g/50 mL时，对乌东煤的降解率达到最大，分别为71.20%和61.63%。

在上述最优降解条件下，探究了表面活性剂对乌东煤降解过程的影响，发现表面活性剂可通过改变细菌细胞膜的通透性和细胞表面疏水性影响乌东煤的降解率，其中，细菌细胞膜通透性的增加可提高煤样的降解率，细胞表面疏水性的增加可降低煤样的降解率。当Triton X-100浓度为4 CMC和6 CMC时，铜绿假单胞菌和日本假单胞菌的细胞膜通透性达到最大，乌东煤的降解率最高，为78.63%和73.17%，较未添加表面活性剂的对照组分别提高了7.43%和11.54%。当SDS和DTAB浓度为CMC时，2种细菌细胞膜的通透性降低，细胞表面疏水性达到最大，乌东煤的降解率最低。在SDS和DTAB的作用下，铜绿假单胞菌对乌东煤的降解率分别为55.93%和20.93%，较未添加表面活性剂的对照组分别降低了15.27%和50.27%；日本假单胞菌对乌东煤的降解率为52.33%和17.53%，较未添加表面活性剂的对照组分别降低了9.30%和44.10%。

（3）分析了乌东煤微生物降解的固、液相产物组成

在表面活性剂的作用下，对最优降解条件下的产物进行了分析，与对照组相比发现，固相产物的芳香族脂肪链长度减小，芳香族和脂肪族官能团的相对丰度降低；煤样微晶结构中芳香层片的平均直径和平均高度减小；液相产物的组成相似，主要为烷烃、醇、羧酸、酯类和芳香类等物质，分子量在70-546之间，这表明了表面活性剂只能影响煤样的降解速度和降解率，不能改变产物的组成。

（4）探讨了表面活性剂作用下乌东煤的微生物降解机理

在本文的研究方法下，Triton X-100、SDS和DTAB主要是通过改变细菌细胞膜的通透性和细胞表面疏水性等方式，综合作用于煤的微生物降解过程，进而改变了乌东煤的降解率。其中，Triton X-100增加了细胞表面疏水性，对乌东煤的降解产生了不利影响，但细菌细胞膜通透性提高，总体促进了乌东煤的降解；而SDS和DTAB既降低了细菌细胞的通透性，也提高了细菌细胞表面疏水性，从而抑制了乌东煤的降解。

Microbial degradation of low-rank coal is carried out at normal temperature and pressure, which has the advantages of low energy consumption, simple equipment, and environmental friendliness, and is one of the effective ways for green conversion of low-rank coal. However, most studies found that the microbial degradation rate of coal is generally low, therefore, researchers have tried to optimize the degradation process by using surfactants, and at present, this research mainly focuses on the modification of surface properties of coal by surfactants, while there are fewer studies on the effects of surfactants on microbial cells.

In this paper, three types of surfactants were selected, namely, nonionic surfactant Triton X-100, anionic surfactant SDS, and cationic surfactant DTAB. Based on the interaction between surfactants and cells, the degradation process and degradation mechanism of two bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas japonicus, on Xinjiang Wudong low-rank coal in the presence of surfactants were investigated.

The main works are as follows.

(1) Effects of surfactants on bacterial cell membrane permeability and cell surface hydrophobicity

The cell membrane permeability and cell surface hydrophobicity of bacteria were measured under the effects of three surfactants, and the results showed that Triton X-100 increased the cell membrane permeability of two bacteria, while both SDS and DTAB decreased the cell membrane permeability of two bacteria. The cell membrane permeability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas japonicus reached the maximum when the concentrations of Triton X-100 were 4 CMC (near micelle concentration) and 6 CMC, respectively, while SDS and DTAB reduced the cell membrane permeability of two bacteria even at lower concentrations (0.2 CMC). In addition, all three surfactants increased the cell surface hydrophobicity of two bacteria, and the cell surface hydrophobicity of two bacteria could reach the maximum when their concentrations were all CMC.

(2) Microbial degradation processes of Wudong coal under the action of surfactants

In the process of microbial degradation of coal without the addition of surfactant, the optimal degradation conditions of Wudong coal by two bacteria were determined. When the incubation time of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas japonicus was 36 h and 48 h, respectively, and the particle size of coal samples were both 0.25-0.50 mm, and the concentrations of coal slurry were both 0.3 g/50 mL, the degradation rate of Wudong coal reached the maximum, which was 71.20% and 61.63%, respectively.

Under the above optimal degradation conditions, the effect of surfactant on the degradation process of Wudong coal was investigated, and it was found that surfactant could affect the degradation rate of Wudong coal by changing the bacterial cell membrane permeability and cell surface hydrophobicity, among which, the increase of bacterial cell membrane permeability could increase the degradation rate of coal samples, and the increase of cell surface hydrophobicity could decrease the degradation rate of coal samples. When Triton X-100 concentrations were 4 CMC and 6 CMC, the cell membrane permeability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas japonicus reached the maximum, and the degradation rates of Wudong coal were the highest, 78.63% and 73.17%, which increased 7.43% and 11.54%, respectively, compared with the control group without surfactant addition. When the concentrations of SDS and DTAB were CMC, the cell membrane permeability of the two bacteria decreased, the cell surface hydrophobicity of the two bacteria reached the maximum, and the degradation rates of Wudong coal were the lowest. In the presence of SDS and DTAB, the degradation rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on Wudong coal were 55.93% and 20.93%, which were 15.27% and 50.27% lower than those of the control group without surfactant addition, respectively; the degradation rates of Pseudomonas japonicus on Wudong coal were 52.33% and 17.53%, which were 9.30% and 44.10% lower than the control group without surfactant addition, respectively.

(3) Compositions of the solid and liquid products of microbial degradation of Wudong coal

The products under optimal degradation conditions were analyzed in the presence of surfactants. Compared with the control group, it was found that the length of aromatic aliphatic chain and the relative abundance of aromatic and aliphatic functional groups of the solid products decreased; The average diameter and height of aromatic lamellae in the microcrystalline structure of coal samples reduced; The compositions of the liquid product were similar, mainly alkanes, alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters, and aromatics, with molecular weights ranging from 70 to 546, which indicated that the surfactants could only affect the degradation speed and degradation rate of the coal samples, and could not change the compositions of the product.

(4) Microbial degradation mechanisms of Wudong coal under the action of surfactants

Under the research method of this paper, Triton X-100, SDS and DTAB mainly acted on the microbial degradation process of coal by changing the cell membrane permeability and cell surface hydrophobicity of bacteria, which in turn changed the degradation rate of Wudong coal. Among them, Triton X-100 increased cell surface hydrophobicity, which adversely affected the degradation of Wudong coal, but increased bacterial cell membrane permeability, which generally promoted the degradation of Wudong coal, while SDS and DTAB both decreased bacterial membrane cell permeability and increased bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity, which inhibited the degradation of Wudong coal.

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