煤自燃不仅造成资源浪费，还威胁着矿山安全生产。当前，注浆、喷洒阻化剂和注惰性气体等方法是煤矿常用的防治煤自燃的技术。这些方法对于防治煤自燃发挥着一定的作用，但是各自也存在着一些缺陷。煤化工的蓬勃发展产生的大量固体废弃物没有得到充分利用。因此，为了有效地防治煤自燃，解决煤气化灰渣大量堆积，不能充分利用的现状，结合泡沫材料流动性好、易堆积和凝胶材料保水性好的特点，研制了一种新型气化灰渣凝胶泡沫材料。这种材料兼具泡沫材料和凝胶材料的特点，很大程度上延缓了煤炭氧化进程的速度。本文通过理论分析和实验研究对气化灰渣凝胶泡沫的制备和相关特性进行了系统研究。

分析了气化灰渣凝胶泡沫的形成机理。气化灰渣凝胶泡沫的形成过程包括表面活性剂在气-液界面和固-液界面的吸附，固相颗粒与气泡的碰撞、吸附，胶凝剂和交联剂形成凝胶三个阶段。采用单因素实验法开展了气化灰渣凝胶泡沫的实验制备研究。分析了单一发泡剂的发泡能力和泡沫稳定性，对性能较佳的发泡剂I、II和III进行两两复配，确定最佳的复配组合和配合比，复配方式I:III=8:2。同时，研究了胶凝剂和气化灰渣添加量对泡沫性能的影响，确定了泡沫制备的配比：发泡剂1%，胶凝剂0.6%，交联剂0.5%，水灰比5:1。

为研究气胶凝剂对气化灰渣凝胶泡沫稳定性的影响，通过显微镜观察凝胶泡沫的微观形貌，分析比较了不同时刻泡沫材料的气泡尺寸变化。胶凝剂浓度为0.6%时，初始时刻泡沫456个，最大为0.346 mm，最小仅为0.032 mm，80 min后仍有136个气泡。比较不同类型凝胶泡沫的宏观形貌特征，研究不同类型的泡沫在煤表面覆盖成膜的效果。气化灰渣凝胶泡沫的成膜效果最好，经过7 d在煤表面仍可形成完整的膜。通过测量材料在不同水灰比下的流变特性，分析气化灰渣颗粒对凝胶泡沫的泡沫粘度、剪切应力和屈服应力的影响，分析泡沫流动的难易程度。结果表明，水灰比达到5:1时，凝胶泡沫的屈服应力达到8.082 Pa，凝胶泡沫越难流动。

利用程序升温实验和热重实验（TG）比较了气化灰渣凝胶泡沫和水玻璃凝胶泡沫抑制煤自燃的效果，并通过堵漏风实验分析了泡沫封堵漏风的能力。程序升温实验表明气化灰渣凝胶泡沫可以有效延缓煤的氧化，100 °C时，泡沫的阻化率达到了63.6%；TG实验表明，原煤经气化灰渣凝胶泡沫处理后，临界温度点T₁略微提升至72 °C，干裂温度点T₂提升至169 °C；堵漏风实验表明，气化灰渣凝胶泡沫能使形成的负压达到-84.29 KPa，封堵效果良好。

Coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) not only causes waste of resources, but also threatens mine safety production. At present, slurry injection, spraying inhibitor and inert gas injection are the commonly used techniques to prevent CSC in coal mines. These methods play a certain role in the prevention and control of CSC, but each of them also has some defects. A large amount of solid waste generated by the booming development of coal chemical industry is not fully utilized. Therefore, in order to effectively prevent CSC and to solve the current situation that a large amount of coal gasification ash is accumulated and cannot be fully utilized, a new gasification ash gel foam material is developed by combining the characteristics of good fluidity of foam material, easy accumulation and good water retention of gel material. This material has the characteristics of both foam and gel material, which largely slows down the rate of coal oxidation process. In this paper, the preparation and related characteristics of the gasified ash gel foam are systematically studied by theoretical analysis and experimental research.

The formation mechanism of the gasified ash gel foam is analyzed. The formation process of gasified ash slag gel foam includes the adsorption of surfactant at the gas-liquid and solid-liquid interfaces, the collision and adsorption of solid-phase particles and bubbles, and the formation of gel by gelling agent and cross-linking agent in three stages. The experimental preparation study of gasified ash gel foam was carried out using the single-factor experimental method. The foaming capacity and foam stability of a single blowing agent were analyzed, and the best combination of blowing agent I, II and III were compounded to determine the best compounding combination and ratio, with compounding method I:III=8:2. Meanwhile, the effect of gelling agent and gasification ash addition on foam performance was studied, and the ratio of foam preparation was determined: 1% of blowing agent, 0.6% of gelling agent, 0.5% of cross-linking agent, and 5:1 of water to ash ratio. The ratio of water to ash is 5:1.

In order to study the effect of gas gelling agent on the stability of gasified ash gel foam, the microscopic morphology of gel foam was observed by microscopy, and the change of bubble size of foam material at different moments was analyzed and compared. At the gelling agent concentration of 0.6%, 456 bubbles were observed at the initial moment, with the maximum being 0.346 mm and the minimum being only 0.032 mm, and 136 bubbles were still present after 80 min. The macroscopic morphological characteristics of different types of gel foams were compared to study the effect of different types of foams in covering the coal surface to form a film. The film-forming effect of gasified ash gel foam was the best, and a complete film could still be formed on the coal surface after 7 d. By measuring the rheological properties of the material at different water-ash ratios, the effect of gasified ash particles on the foam viscosity, shear stress and yield stress of the gel foam was analyzed, and the ease of foam flow was analyzed. The results show that the yield stress of gel foam reaches 8.082 Pa when the water-ash ratio reaches 5:1, the more difficult the gel foam flows.

The effect of gasified ash gel foam and water-glass gel foam in inhibiting CSC was compared by using programmed temperature rise experiment and thermogravimetric experiment (TG), and the ability of foam to seal air leakage was analyzed by air leakage blocking experiment. The programmed warming experiment showed that the gasified ash gel foam could effectively retard the oxidation of coal, and the blocking rate of the foam reached 63.6% at 100 °C; the TG experiment showed that the critical temperature point T₁ was slightly raised to 72 °C and the dry cracking temperature point T₂ was raised to 169 °C after the raw coal was treated with gasified ash gel foam; the air leakage plugging experiment showed that the gasified ash gel foam could make the formed negative pressure reach - 84.29 KPa, with good sealing effect.

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