近年来，微地震监测技术越来越受到重视，被广泛应用于很多领域：如在油田开发中，水力压裂微地震监测技术可以对裂缝性低渗透油气藏进行裂缝动态成像及流体驱动监测，从而可以优化水力压裂设计和井网布置，提高采收率；在矿山开采中，微地震监测技术可以监测矿井突水、冲击地压等，从而对矿井灾害起到防治作用。微地震数据的采集和实时、自动、高精度处理技术是微地震监测技术的核心内容，因此本文从微地震数据正演、预处理、微地震事件的自动识别与波至时间的拾取、高精度震源定位和测网性能评价和优化布置等方面进行了详细研究，具体内容如下： （1）微地震波场正演数值模拟。分别采用逐段迭代射线追踪方法和高阶交错网格有限差分技术对微地震震源激发的地震波场进行了三维三分量弹性波数值模拟。在射线追踪方法中考虑了粘弹介质的地震波传播，引入单程波波场延拓理论计算粘弹介质中的合成记录；在微地震震源分布方面，根据岩石破裂物理模型试验的一种结果，即水力压裂产生的裂缝具有呈细长椭圆形状的自相似扩展特征，建立了微地震震源分布的数学模型，通过调节模型参数可模拟符合裂缝发育特征的不同微地震震源分布形态。 （2）微地震数据滤波方法研究。微地震数据道数少，常用的基于多道相干性准则的滤波方法难以适用，因此本文将基于单道信号的Hankel矩阵滤波方法用于微地震数据，提出了微地震数据的自适应Hankel矩阵滤波。该方法具有自适应性，能有效提高信噪比且几乎不伤及有效信号，比较适合于微地震数据的自动实时处理。 （3）微地震事件的识别和波至时间的自动拾取。研究了前人已有的6种微地震信号自动识别和拾取的方法，分析对比了它们的适应性条件，在此基础上提出了基于时窗能量比和Akaike信息准则的两步法，模型和实际数据测试结果表明两步法分别继承了时窗能量比法对微地震事件的有效识别和Akaike信息准则对波至时间的局部高精度拾取等方面所表现出的优异性能，并有效地避免了时窗等参数对拾取精度的影响。 （4）微地震震源定位反演方法研究。研究了微地震震源定位方法中目标函数的选取，提出了针对三分量微地震震源参数反演的两种目标函数，即矢量目标函数和能流目标函数。这两种目标函数分别利用了微地震数据的走时和振幅信息，并结合三分量信息对微地震震源位置进行反演定位，有效地降低了微地震震源定位的多解性；研究了基于局部优化理论和全局优化理论的微地震震源反演定位方法，并将矢量目标函数用于经典的Geiger定位法中，得到了改进的Geiger定位算法，模型数据的测试表明这种方法对震源的方位信息敏感，定位精度高；研究了定位精度较高的主地震定位法和双差定位法等，并在此基础上提出了混合差定位法，与双差定位法相比，这种方法在不影响定位精度的情况下大大降低了算法的存储量和对微地震事件群的初始质心位置的敏感度，提高了计算效率。 （5）微地震监测中接收点的最佳布置研究。从理论上研究了接收点布置网络对震源定位的敏感性、定位误差和定位多解性的影响。通过利用不同的接收点布置方式进行测试，得到了地面监测和井中监测时最优接收点布置方案的准则；建立了确定最优接收点布置网络的目标函数，对给定的震源分布范围，用全局优化方法求解，可估计最佳的接收点布置方案。 （6）模型数据和野外实际数据的实例研究。分别用模拟的水力压裂微地震监测数据、小煤窑盗采被动源实际监测数据和水平井水力压裂微地震实际监测数据对论文中所研究的微地震数据处理技术进行了测试，验证了这些方法的有效性。

In recent years, microseismic monitoring technology has gained increasing attention, and is widely used in many fields. It can be used for fracture dynamic imaging and fluid driven monitoring in low permeability reservoir during hydraulic fracturing, which can optimize the hydraulic fracturing well network design and layout, enhance oil recovery. In addition, with a preventive effect in mine disaster, this technology can monitor mine water inrush and rock pressure bump in mining. The cores of microseismic monitoring include well data acquisition and processing technology of real time, automatic, high-precision. Here, we have studied numerical simulation, pre-processing, automatic picking of microseismic event, high-precision source positioning, geophone network performance evaluation and optimization layout in detail, the specific contents and innovations are as follows: (1)Numerical simulation of microseismic wavefield. Three-component elastic wave forword numerical simulation of 3D microseismic wave field is carried out using piecewise iterative ray tracing method and high-order staggered-grid finite difference techniques. For viscoelastic medium, the attenuation theory for one-way is applied to ray tracing, so that viscoelastic medium ray tracing simulation method is produced. According to the characteristics of hydraulic fracture that the fracture is an elongated self-similar expansion ellipsoid, a mathematical model of microseismic source distribution is established, by controlling model parameters, different forms of hydraulic fracture microseismic crack is simulated. (2)Study on filtering method for microseismic data. The geophones in microseismic monitoring are less than usual(usually 10 in borehole), it is difficult that using coherent multi-channel filtering criterion to suppress noise. So Hankel matrix filtering algorithm based on single channel signal is used in adaptive processing of microseismic data. The filtering method has better fidelity of the signal while attenuating the random noise, it can applies to real time auto-processing of microseismic monitoring. (3)Many different existing method for picking microseismic event have been studied, and the two-step method based on after-term average over before-term average ratio(ATA/BTA) and the Akaike information criterion(AIC) is developed taking advantage of the existing methods. The two-step method avoids the disadvantage that the accuracy of picking is dependent on length of time window. (4)The paper studied common objective functions and proposed two new objective functions: the vector objective function and the energy flow objective function. These objective functions used the travel time and amplitude information of microseismic data, combined with three-component data, so that they play an important role in reducing multiple solutions and improving the utilization of geophones. An improved Geiger microseismic source location algorithm by combining vector objective function with classical Geiger location algorithm is obtained. Testing by the model data shows that the method is sensitive to azimuth information of source, and has higher positioning accuracy. By means of analysis of classical double-difference earthquake location algorithm, combined with improved Geiger location algorithm, a hybrid difference location algorithm is developed. This approach reduces the amount of data stored and sensitiveness to initional source location, and also greatly improves the computational efficiency. (5)It discussed the sensitivity of source location, location error and multiple solutions of location theoretically in detail. By testing with different arrays of receivers, criteria has been obtained for optimal arrangement of the receivers. Furthermore, an objective function is established for optimal receivers arranged network, so that an optimal receivers layout network is estimated for a given source area. (6)Simulated hydraulic fracturing microseismic data, illegal mining of small coal mine passive seismics data and actual hydraulic fracturing microseismic data with horizontal drilling well have been tested by proposed processing technology to verify the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method .