坡沟系统是黄土丘陵沟壑区基本地貌单元，也是产沙的主要源地，深入理解其侵蚀产沙过程和机理对区域土壤侵蚀防治和模型构建具有重要意义。已有坡沟系统研究多以室内模拟试验和回填土为主，而基于野外原位坡面试验的坡沟系统侵蚀产沙精细研究缺乏。因此，本文以黄土丘陵沟壑区辛店沟流域坡沟系统侵蚀过程为研究对象，构建植被和裸露两种类型的6个径流小区，开展3种雨强梯度（1.5 mm·min^-1、2.0 mm·min^-1、2.5 mm·min^-1）模拟降雨试验，基于地基三维激光扫描仪（Terrestrial Laser Scanning，TLS），探究坡沟系统侵蚀过程与机理。首先，利用TLS进行径流小区地形数据采集并计算产沙量，以实测产沙量为基准，验证坡沟系统连续侵蚀过程中TLS技术的监测精度。其次，研究了裸露小区的梁峁坡（自上而下每间隔1m，划分为A、B、C、D、E五个坡段）侵蚀沉积时空分布和水动力学参数变化特征，分析侵蚀产沙与水动力学参数之间的关系。最后，研究了梁峁坡植被恢复下沟谷坡的侵蚀产沙过程、水动力学参数和地形变化特征，分析了沟谷坡侵蚀沉积时空分布、侵蚀产沙与地形变化和水动力力学参数之间的关系，为后续坡沟系统侵蚀产沙机理研究提供参考。主要研究结果如下：

基于多尺度模型点云比对（Multiscale Model to Model Cloud Comparison，M3C2）算法计算的地形变化点云转为栅格进行产沙量计算时，考虑植被和裸坡径流小区分辨率一致性，分辨率为10 mm时，植被和裸坡径流小区累计产沙量的相对误差、绝对误差和均方根误差优于其他分辨率（5 mm、20 mm、50 mm）的结果。因而选用10 mm分辨率栅格开展侵蚀产沙计算。在此分辨率下，基于TLS计算自然坡沟系统的累积产沙量精度高于单场次产沙量，适用于监测自然坡沟系统连续侵蚀且地形变化较大的过程。

（2）裸露小区梁峁坡侵蚀过程机理研究显示，不同雨强下，梁峁坡侵蚀主要集中在A、B、C和D坡段，沉积主要集中在E坡段。随着雨强的增大，坡面以侵蚀为主，其中D、E坡段侵蚀加重，沉积减小且分散。随着场次增加，1.5和2.5 mm·min^-1雨强下，B坡段侵蚀面积最大，C坡段次之，D坡段最小；2.0 mm·min^-1雨强下，B坡段最大，D坡段次之，C坡段最小。不同雨强下，B、C和D坡段的雷诺数、Darcy-weisbach阻力系数、Manning糙率系数、径流剪切力、径流功率和过水断面单位能量总体上呈先增长至最高值后缓慢下降最终趋于稳定的趋势，平均流速、弗劳德数和单位径流功率均呈先下降至最低值后缓慢上升最终趋于稳定的趋势。同一雨强下，距离梁峁坡坡顶距离长度与平均流速、雷诺数、弗劳德数、单位径流功率成正比，与径流剪切力、Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数、Manning糙率系数成反比。相关性分析表明，平均流速可以作为产沙速率的表征参数（R²=0.75，p<0.01），径流功率可以作为侵蚀速率的表征参数（R²=0.67，p<0.01），两者皆为线性关系。

（3）梁峁坡植被恢复对沟谷坡侵蚀产沙的影响研究表明，梁峁坡有植被时，沟谷坡侵蚀主要集中于沟谷坡下半部且侵蚀深度较小，无沉积发生；地表粗糙度变化小且与侵蚀量之间相关性较弱（R²介于0与0.12之间，p<0.001）；侵蚀速率与径流剪切力的相关性最强（R²=0.57， p<0.05），说明沟谷坡径流剪切力能够描述径流剥离泥沙的能力。梁峁坡无植被时，沉积集中在沟谷坡坡底区域，侵蚀区域主要集中于沟谷坡中上部分的内凹洞区域；随试验进行，2.0和2.5 mm·min^-1雨强下，由重力引发沟缘线处发生崩塌，崩塌体在内凹洞内部形成沉积，改变沟道形态，内凹洞的最大高度逐渐减小；地表粗糙度变化随雨强增大而增大，且与侵蚀量之间总体上相关性较强（R²介于0.47与0.89之间，p<0.001）；侵蚀速率与水动力学参数之间相关性较差（R²介于0至0.32之间，p在0.09—0.93之间）。以上结果表明，梁峁坡无植被时，径流冲刷和重力影响导致地形变化，地形变化会反作用加剧其影响，进一步造成沟谷坡侵蚀持续加重。梁峁坡植被恢复对沟谷坡侵蚀产沙具有很好的抑制作用。

The slope-gully system was a fundamental geomorphic unit in the hilly and gully loess plateau and the primary sediment source, understanding its erosion-sedimentation processes and mechanisms was of significant importance for regional soil erosion control and process model construction. Existing researches on slope-gully systems have mainly focused on indoor simulation experiments and backfilling soil, lacking detailed investigations based on field in-situ slope surface experiments. Therefore, this study, taking gully-slope systems on natural slopes in the Xindiangou catchment of the hilly and gully Loess Plateau as the study area, constructed six vegetated / bare runoff plots to undertake simulated rainfall experiments with three rainfall intensity gradients (1.5 mm·min^-1, 2.0 mm·min^-1, 2.5 mm·min^-1). Based on Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), the erosion process and mechanism of the natural gully system were explored. Firstly, TLS was used to collect topographic data of runoff plots and calculated sediment yield. The sediment yield measured at the outlet of the plots was taken as the true value to verify the monitoring accuracy of TLS technology during the continuous erosion process of the natural gully system. Secondly, the spatial-temporal distribution and changes in hydraulic parameters of erosion and deposition on the hillslope (the slope was divided into five slope sections with a 1 m interval: A, B, C, D, and E) in the bare runoff plots were studied, while the relationship between erosion / deposition and hydraulic parameters was examined. Lastly, the erosion / deposition process, hydraulic parameters, and terrain changes of the gully slope under vegetation restoration on the hillslope were investigated, and the relationship between the spatial-temporal distribution of erosion / deposition on gully slopes, terrain changes, and hydraulic parameters was analyzed. Main findings are as follows:

When the terrain change point clouds derived based on the Multiscale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2) algorithm were converted into raster grids for the calculation of sediment yield, Considering the consistency of grids in both vegetated and bare slope runoff plots, the relative error, absolute error, and root mean square error of cumulative sediment yield corresponding to a 10 mm grids in both vegetated and bare slope runoff plots were better than the results of other resolution (5 mm, 20 mm and 50 mm). Therefore, the 10 mm resolution was selected for sediment yield calculation. Based on the chosen resolution, the accuracy of TLS for deriving the cumulative sediment yield of slope-gully systems was higher than that for individual experiments. This demonstrated that the TLS was suitable for monitoring continuous erosion and significant terrain changes of the slope-gully systems.

The processes and mechanisms study for the bare hillslopes showed that under different rainfall intensities, erosion on the hillslope was mainly concentrated in segments A, B, C, and D, while deposition mainly occurred in segment E. With the increase of rainfall intensity, the slope surface was predominantly eroded, with intensified erosion in segments D and E, and reduced and dispersed deposition. As the experiments progressed, the erosion area enlarged, and the segment B had the largest erosion area under rainfall intensities of 1.5 mm·min^-1and 2.5 mm·min^-1, followed by segment C. The segment D characterized the smallest erosion area.Under a rainfall intensity of 2.0 mm·min^-1, segment B had the largest erosion area, followed by segment D. The segment C had the smallest erosion area. Under different rainfall intensities, the Reynolds number, Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient, Manning roughness coefficient, shear stress, runoff power, and cross-sectional unit energy of segments B, C, and D generally exhibited an increasing trend reaching a peak before slowly decreasing and a eventually stabilizing state. The average flow velocity, Froude number, and unit runoff power generally decreased to a minimum before slowly increasing and a eventually stabilizing state. Under the same rainfall intensity, the distance from the top of the hillslope was proportional to the average flow velocity, Reynolds number, Froude number, and unit runoff power, and inversely proportional to the shear stress, Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient, and Manning roughness coefficient. Correlation analysis indicated that the average flow velocity could served as a representative parameter of sediment yield rate (R²=0.75, p<0.01), and the runoff power could served as a representative parameter of erosion rate (R²=0.67, p<0.01), both showing linear relationships.

The investigations into the impact of hillslope vegetation restoration on the erosion and sediment yield of gully slopes demonstrated that when vegetation was located on the hillslope, erosion on the gully slope was primarily concentrated on the lower half with shallow erosion depth and no sediment deposition occuring. Surface roughness variation was minimal, and its correlation with erosion quantity was weaker (R² ranged between 0 and 0.12, p < 0.001). The erosion rate showed the strongest correlation with shear stress (R² = 0.57, p < 0.05), indicating that shear stress on the gully slope cloud described its ability to detach sediment from the flow. Without vegetation on the hillslope, sediment accumulated in the bottom area of the gully slope, and erosion mainly occurred in the concave hollow area of the upper-middle part of the gully slope. As the experiment progresses, collapses occurred at the gully edge line due to gravity, forming deposits inside the concave hollows under rainfall intensities of 2.0 mm·min^-1and 2.5 mm·min^-1, altering the channel morphology, and gradually reducing the maximum height of the concave hollows. Surface roughness variation increased with rainfall intensity and generally had a strong correlation with erosion quantity (R² ranged between 0.47 and 0.89, p < 0.001). The correlation between erosion rate and hydraulic parameters was weaker (R² ranged between 0 and 0.32, p between 0.09 and 0.93). These results indicated that when the hillslope was bare, the combined effects of runoff scouring and gravity-induced changes in terrain exacerbated each other, leading to continuous exacerbation of gully slope erosion. Vegetation restoration on the hillslope exerted a significant inhibitory effect on erosion processes of gully slopes.

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