我国煤炭资源丰富，在国家能源结构中占据重要地位。煤矿安全生产问题一直是制约行业发展的关键因素之一。尤其是瓦斯爆炸事故，不仅造成了严重的人员伤亡和经济损失，也会对社会稳定构成威胁。因此研究瓦斯爆炸超压传播特性及其控制措施具有重要意义。本研究旨在深入探讨瓦斯爆炸过程中超压传播特性及其对煤矿安全的影响，为提出有效的防控措施提供理论依据。

首先，通过理论分析方法，建立了耦合流体动力学与化学反应的超压传播数学模型，并以此为基础构建超压衰减与距离的关系方程和超压在分压处的能量分配模型。该模型能够量化平直管道中超压的指数衰减规律及分叉管道能量分配比，为预测爆炸辐射范围提供了理论依据。其次，设计了涵盖平直管道及多分叉角度（60°、90°、120°）的瓦斯爆炸实验系统，结合动态压力传感技术获取冲击波传播特征参数，通过非线性回归分析，建立了平直管道超压衰减公式及分叉管道能量分配公式。通过建立三维高精度数值仿真模型，模拟了不同构型管道中瓦斯爆炸冲击波的传播行为，并提出了具有普适性的平直管道超压传播衰减公式与对称管道结构分压公式分支数修正方案。在此基础上，采用XGBoost回归算法构建了瓦斯爆炸初始压力预测模型，输入特征包括巷道截面参数、甲烷浓度梯度、点火能量及初始温度。通过全尺寸巷道数值模拟物理模型，验证了平直管道超压衰减公式与分叉管道分压公式的适用性，依据瓦斯爆炸现场情况，分析井下构筑物损伤情况，据此对瓦斯爆炸冲击波条件下井下构筑物应力响应进行分析。

结果表明：（1）在7%瓦斯浓度条件下，平直管道超压随距离呈指数衰减，而分叉节点的能量分配符合角度增大直管衰减率降低，斜管衰减率增高的规律。通过收集超压峰值数据以及数值模拟结果，拟合得出具有普适性的超压在平直管道中的衰减公式以及超压在分叉处的直管分路分压公式与斜管分路分压公式。（2）采用XGBoost回归算法构建的瓦斯爆炸初始压力预测模型训练集的平均绝对误差（MAE）为0.00946，均方根误差（RMSE）为0.01089，R²值达到0.9533；测试集的MAE为0.01221，RMSE为0.01402，R²值为0.9404，显示出模型具有良好的拟合能力和泛化能力。借助ANSYS Static Structural模块分析井下构筑物应力响应，评估其承压能力和损伤特征，发现在木制风门情况下风门在冲击波作用下经历了预加载、弹性响应、动态加载和失效与能量释放四个阶段。应力集中主要出现在风门的边缘螺栓连接处。通过对风门损伤后冲击波继续传播超压峰值进行监测，对超压衰减系数进行了修正。

China is rich in coal resources and occupies an important position in the national energy structure. However, the issue of coal mine safety has been one of the key factors restricting the development of the industry. In particular, the frequent occurrence of gas explosion accidents has not only caused serious casualties and economic losses, but also posed a threat to social stability. In the face of this serious situation, it is of great significance to study in depth the overpressure propagation characteristics of gas explosion and its control measures. The aim of this study is to deeply explore the overpressure propagation characteristics during gas explosion and its impact on coal mine safety, and to propose effective preventive and control measures.

Firstly, a mathematical model of overpressure propagation coupling fluid dynamics and chemical reaction is established by combining theoretical modelling, experimental study and numerical simulation, with the Navier-Stokes equation as the core framework, the turbulent combustion model (Finite Rate/ED) is introduced to describe the flame-shockwave dynamic coupling process, and the overpressure decay equation is constructed. The model is able to quantify the exponential decay law of overpressure and the energy distribution ratio of the bifurcated pipe in the flat pipe, which provides a theoretical basis for predicting the radiation range of the explosion. Secondly, a gas explosion experimental system covering flat pipes and multiple bifurcation angles (60, 90, 120) was designed, and the characteristic parameters of shock wave propagation were obtained by combining dynamic pressure sensing technology. Through the nonlinear regression analysis, the overpressure attenuation formula of the flat pipe and the energy distribution formula of the bifurcated pipe were established. Through the establishment of three-dimensional high-precision numerical simulation model, the propagation behaviour of gas explosion shock wave in different configurations of pipelines is simulated, and the universal overpressure propagation attenuation formula for flat and straight pipelines and the branch number correction scheme for the symmetric pipeline structure pressure division formula are proposed. On this basis, a gas explosion initial pressure prediction model was constructed using the XGBoost regression algorithm, and the input features included the cross-sectional parameters of the roadway, methane concentration gradient, ignition energy and initial temperature. The applicability of the overpressure attenuation formula of the flat pipe and the branching pressure formula of the bifurcated pipe is verified by numerical simulation of the physical model of the full-size roadway, and the damage of underground structures is analysed based on the site conditions of the gas explosion, according to which, the stress response of underground structures under the conditions of the shock wave of the gas explosion is analysed.

The results show that: (1) under the condition of 7% gas concentration, the overpressure of the flat pipe decays exponentially with distance, while the energy distribution at the bifurcation node is in accordance with the law that the attenuation rate of the straight pipe decreases and that of the inclined pipe increases as the angle increases. By collecting the peak overpressure data and numerical simulation results, the universal formula for overpressure attenuation in the flat pipe and the formula for overpressure distribution at the bifurcation between the straight pipe and the inclined pipe are fitted. (2) The mean absolute error (MAE) of the initial pressure prediction model for gas explosion constructed by XGBoost regression algorithm is 0.00946, the root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.01089, and the R² value reaches 0.9533; the MAE of the test set is 0.01221, the RMSE is 0.01402, and the R² value is 0.9404, which shows that the model has a good fitting ability and the ability to predict the initial pressure. the model has good fitting and generalisation abilities. In addition, with the help of ANSYS Static Structural module, the stress response of downhole structures was analysed to assess their pressure-bearing capacity and damage characteristics, and it was found that the dampers in the case of wooden dampers went through four phases of preloading, elastic response, dynamic loading, and failure and energy release under the action of shock waves. The stress concentration mainly occurs at the edge bolt connections of the dampers.

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