近年来，我国火灾事故虽有好转的趋势，火灾起数、死亡人数、直接经济损失均有所下降，但火灾事故的总体安全形势依然不容乐观。商业综合体是发生火灾的主要场所之一，一旦发生火灾，极易造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失。本文以西安某商业综合体为例，应用PyroSim和Pathfinder对该商业综合体火灾情景人员应急疏散问题进行研究。

根据商场实际参数，应用PyroSim软件建立火灾模拟建筑模型，对3种火灾情景进行模拟与分析，结果表明：商业综合体火灾初期烟气对人员的影响主要是能见度的下降，在短时间内温度与 CO 浓度除在火源所在区域外达不到危险临界值；商业综合体类似电梯井的垂直通道会加快烟气在建筑物内蔓延，导致综合体多楼层受到火灾烟气的影响。

应用 Pathfinder 软件构建该商业综合体人员疏散模型，并对人员应急疏散过程进行模拟分析。人员疏散结果表明：一楼的人员疏散时间最短，疏散难度最小，中间层三层~五层的人员疏散时间最长，疏散难度最大；应急疏散过程中，高层人员向下疏散过程会占用较低层楼梯间的空间，造成较低楼层的疏散效率下降；人员完成疏散所需平均时间：成年男<成年女<儿童<老年男<老年女。

火灾情景人员应急疏散安全性表明：防火构件完整的情况下，地下和高层火灾，大多数人员能够进行安全疏散，而靠近竖向通道的低层火灾，中层人员疏散过程会受到火灾烟气的威胁。疏散过程存在 “瓶颈效应”和轨迹交叉、出口利用不均、反向疏散等问题，并提出设备设施引导、人工引导、合理安排疏散顺序、控制商场人员滞留量等策略提高人员疏散效率。并基于动态规划原理构建了考虑火灾影响的疏散路径优化理论模型。

研究结论和成果对完善商业综合体消防安全管理、减少火灾情景的人员伤亡和财产损失具有重要意义，同时为研究火灾人员应急疏散辅助决策提供一定的借鉴意义。

In recent years, although fire accidents in my country have improved, the number of fires, deaths, and direct economic losses have all declined, but the overall safety situation of fire accidents is still not optimistic. Commercial complexes are one of the main places where fires occur. Once a fire occurs, it can easily cause huge casualties and property losses. This paper takes a commercial complex in Xi'an as an example, using PyroSim and Pathfinder to study the emergency evacuation of personnel in the commercial complex in a fire scenario.

According to the actual parameters of the mall, the PyroSim software is used to establish a fire simulation building model, and three fire scenarios are simulated and analyzed. The results show that the impact of smoke on personnel in the initial stage of a commercial complex fire is mainly due to the decrease in visibility. The CO concentration does not reach the critical value of danger except in the area where the fire source is located; the vertical passage similar to the elevator shaft of the commercial complex will accelerate the spread of smoke in the building, causing multiple floors of the complex to be affected by the fire smoke.

The Pathfinder software was used to construct the evacuation model of the commercial complex, and the emergency evacuation process was simulated and analyzed. The evacuation results show that the evacuation time is the shortest and the evacuation difficulty is the shortest on the first floor, and the evacuation time is the longest and the evacuation difficulty is the longest for the people on the third to fifth floors of the middle floor. During the emergency evacuation process, the upper evacuation process will take less time for the upper evacuation. The space of the staircase on the first floor reduces the evacuation efficiency of the lower floors; the average time it takes for the personnel to complete the evacuation: adult male

The safety of emergency evacuation of personnel in fire scenarios shows that when the fire protection components are intact, most people can be safely evacuated in underground and high-level fires, while low-level fires close to vertical passages will be threatened by fire smoke during the evacuation of middle-level personnel. The evacuation process has problems such as "bottleneck effect" and trajectory crossing, uneven use of exits, and reverse evacuation. Strategies such as equipment and facility guidance, manual guidance, reasonable arrangement of evacuation sequences, and control of the number of people in shopping malls have been proposed to improve the efficiency of evacuation. Based on the principle of dynamic programming, a theoretical model of evacuation route optimization considering the effects of fire is constructed.

The research conclusions and results are of great significance to improve the fire safety management of commercial complexes, reduce the casualties and property losses in fire scenarios, and provide certain reference significance for the study of emergency evacuation assistance decision-making for fire personnel.

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