大型石化企业、建筑等场所重大火灾事故频繁发生，现有常规泡沫灭火剂灭火性能和隔热防护能力已难以满足这些场所日益增长的火灾高效扑救重大需求，开发新一代高稳定泡沫灭火技术迫在眉睫。在灭火过程中，泡沫内部结构不断地发生变化，导致泡沫物性参数也随之发生变化，从而影响泡沫喷射效率以及扩散效率，进而影响灭火性能。因此，研究泡沫在剪切作用下流动行为和粘弹性具有重大意义。

首先，通过文献调研和预实验，筛选了性能优异的表面活性剂、纳米颗粒和水溶性聚合物。所选起泡剂为两性离子型氟碳表面活性剂FS-50、非离子型碳氢表面活性剂APG-0810，稳泡剂为SiO₂、Al(OH)₃和β-Al₂O₃三种纳米颗粒、黄原胶（XG）和瓜尔胶（GG）两种水溶性聚合物；研究了不同浓度XG和GG水溶液起泡性和泡沫析液，确定了起泡性和稳定性优异的XG和GG浓度；构建了高稳定泡沫体系。

其次，分别研究了不同组分高稳定泡沫液表面张力、电导率、起泡性和泡沫析液，分析了不同纳米颗粒、水溶性聚合物和表面活性剂间的相互作用。结果表明：XG/GG加入导致含SiO₂泡沫液表面张力和起泡性下降，电导率升高。含Al(OH)₃泡沫液中，泡沫液表面张力、电导率和起泡性随着XG加入呈下降趋势，当XG浓度达到0.05 wt%时，表面张力、电导率和起泡性呈上升趋势；GG对泡沫液表面张力和电导率的影响与XG相同，但当GG浓度达到0.2 wt%时，起泡性持续下降。含β-Al₂O₃泡沫液中，XG/GG的存在会降低其表面张力和起泡性，0.01 wt%浓度XG导致电导率下降，当浓度达到0.05 wt%时，电导率升高，添加GG电导率持续下降。XG/GG的存在会增强含SiO₂/β-Al₂O₃纳米颗粒的泡沫稳定性，而添加XG/GG会加速Al(OH)₃纳米颗粒稳定的泡沫析液。

再次，研究了不同组分高稳定泡沫液和泡沫流动行为及粘弹性，采用Cross模型对泡沫流动曲线拟合。结果表明：仅有表面活性剂的泡沫液呈现出类似牛顿流体的流动行为。含纳米颗粒和水溶性聚合物的泡沫液是具有剪切稀化行为的非牛顿流体。XG/GG的存在提高了含SiO₂泡沫液表观粘度和粘弹性模量。含Al(OH)₃泡沫液中，添加XG会降低泡沫液表观粘度和粘弹性模量，添加GG会增强表观粘度，降低粘弹性模量。含β-Al₂O₃泡沫液中，添加XG/GG会增加泡沫液表观粘度，XG的存在降低泡沫液粘弹性模量，GG的存在则起相反作用。所有泡沫亦是非牛顿流体，具有剪切稀化行为，流动曲线符合Cross模型。添加纳米颗粒会改变泡沫粘弹性特征，提高泡沫粘弹性模量。除仅由表面活性剂稳定的泡沫外，纳米颗粒或纳米颗粒与水溶性聚合物共同稳定的泡沫均呈现粘弹性固体特征。纳米颗粒、水溶性聚合物和表面活性剂相互吸附形成聚集体分布在液膜和Plateau边界，从而改变液膜结构强度和抗损伤能力。施加剪切力后，粘弹性模量更高的泡沫具有更强的拉伸强度和恢复能力。

最后，基于上述结果，优选性能优异的高稳定泡沫配方，研究其灭火性能和抗烧性能。结果表明本研究开发的高稳定泡沫具有优异的灭火及抗烧性能。纳米颗粒和水溶性聚合物的加入对泡沫灭火时间影响较小，对90%控火时间基本无影响，但是能不同程度提升抗烧性能。纳米颗粒和水溶性聚合物的加入导致泡沫表观粘度增大从而使其扩撒速度相对较慢，但是也因二者存在，泡沫具有更高粘弹性，从而使其具有更持久的灭火能力。在五组高稳定泡沫中，由SiO₂与XG共同稳定的高稳定泡沫不仅具有较短的灭火时间，同时还具有优异的抗烧性能。

The large petrochemical enterprises, buildings, and other places where major fire accidents occur frequently, the fire extinguishing performance and thermal insulation protection ability of existing conventional fire fighting foams have been difficult to meet the growing number of these places to fight fires efficiently major needs. It is urgent to develop a new generation of highly stable foam fire extinguishing technology. In the fire-fighting process, the internal structure of the foam is constantly changing, leading to changes in the physical parameters of the foam, thus affecting the spraying efficiency of the foam and the spreading efficiency, which in turn affects the fire-fighting performance. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the flow behavior and viscoelasticity of foam under shear.

Firstly, the surfactants, nanoparticles, and water-soluble polymers with excellent performance were screened through literature research and preexperimentation. The selected foaming agents were amphoteric fluorocarbon surfactant FS-50 and nonionic hydrocarbon surfactant APG-0810, and the foam stabilizers were three kinds of nanoparticles, SiO₂, Al(OH)₃, and β-Al₂O₃, and two kinds of water-soluble polymers, xanthan gum (XG) and guar gum (GG). The foaming ability and foam drainage of the two water-soluble polymer solutions of XG and GG at different concentrations were investigated, and the concentrations of XG and GG with excellent foaming ability and stabilization were determined. Finally, a highly stable foam system was constructed.

Secondly, the surface tension, conductivity, foaming ability, and foam drainage of different components of highly stable foams were investigated separately. And the interactions among different nanoparticles, water-soluble polymers, and surfactants were analyzed. The results showed that the addition of XG/GG decreased the surface tension and foaming ability, and increased the conductivity of the foam solution containing SiO₂. The surface tension, conductivity, and foaming ability of the foam solution decreased with the addition of XG, and the surface tension, conductivity and foaming ability increased as the concentration reached 0.05 wt%. The effect of GG on the surface tension and conductivity of the foam solution is the same as that of XG, but the foaming ability continuous decreased as the concentration of GG reached 0.2 wt%. The presence of XG/GG in the foam solution containing β-Al₂O₃ will reduce its surface tension and foaming ability, and the conductivity decreases at concentration of 0.01 wt% XG, and increases as the concentration reaches 0.05wt%. And the addition of GG leads to the continuous decrease of conductivity.The presence of XG/GG enhances the stability of the foam containing SiO₂/β-Al₂O₃ nanoparticles, but the addition of XG/GG in the foam stabilized by Al(OH)₃ nanoparticles accelerates foam drainage.

Thirdly, the flow behavior and viscoelasticity of different components of highly stable foam solution and foams were investigated, and the foam flow curves were fitted by the Cross model. The results showed that the surfactant-only foam solution exhibited flow behavior similar like Newtonian fluid. Foam solution containing nanoparticles and water-soluble polymers were non-Newtonian fluids with shear-thinning behavior. The presence of XG/GG increased the apparent viscosity and viscoelastic modulus of foam solution containing SiO₂. In foam solution containing Al(OH)₃, the addition of XG decreased the apparent viscosity and viscoelastic modulus of the foam solution, and the addition of GG enhanced the apparent viscosity and decreased the viscoelastic modulus. In foam solution containing β-Al₂O₃, the addition of XG/GG increased the apparent viscosity of the foam solution, the presence of XG decreases the viscoelastic modulus of the foam solution, and the presence of GG has the opposite effect. All foams were also non-Newtonian fluids with shear-thinning behavior, and the foam flow curves were consistent with the Cross model. The addition of nanoparticles changed the viscoelastic characteristics of the foams and increased the viscoelastic modulus of the foams. Foams stabilized by nanoparticles or nanoparticles and water-soluble polymers exhibited viscoelastic solid characteristics, except for foams only stabilized by surfactants. Nanoparticles, water-soluble polymers, and surfactants adsorb each other to form aggregates, distributing in the liquid film and Plateau boarders, thus changing the structural strength and damage resistance of the liquid film. The foam with higher viscoelastic modulus has stronger tensile strength and recovery ability after applying shear force.

Finally, based on the results of the above studies, high stabilized foam formulations with excellent performance were preferred, and the fire extinguishing and burn resistance properties of the high stabilized foams were investigated. The results showed that the high-stability foam system prepared in this paper have excellent fire extinguishing performance and anti-burning performance. The addition of nanoparticles and water-soluble polymers had a weak effect on the fire extinguishing time, and had no effect on the 90% fire control time. But they can improve the burning resistance to varying degrees. The addition of nanoparticles and water-soluble polymers increased the foam apparent viscosity, leading to a slower spreading speed. However, the presence of nanoparticles and water-soluble polymers increased the foam viscoelasticity, resulting in a more durable fire extinguishing ability. Among the five highly stabilized foams, the foam co-stabilized by SiO₂ and XG not only had a shorter extinguishing time, but also had excellent burning resistance.

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