硅橡胶泡沫(SRF)作为一种高性能高分子材料，因其优异的柔韧性和绝缘性，广泛应用于新能源汽车、轨道交通、航空航天等领域。然而，SRF在高温或明火条件下易燃烧并释放大量烟雾和有毒气体，严重威胁人员安全和环境健康。因此，对其进行抑烟减毒处理是提升其安全性能的关键研究方向。金属氢氧化物具有吸热分解、气体稀释及促进炭层生成等特性从而提升材料的阻燃性能，而多孔炭材料利用其特有的空隙结构，实现对有毒气体及烟气的高效吸附与阻隔。金属氢氧化物和多孔炭材料复配是目前阻燃领域的研究热点，但其在SRF中应用较少。为此，本研究通过将不同种类和含量的金属氢氧化物与多孔炭材料引入SRF体系中，系统研究分析其对SRF阻燃抑烟性能的影响。通过材料产烟毒性分析对其烟气成分与毒性进行评价，并揭示其抑烟减毒机理。主要取得了以下成果： 

构建了SRF阻燃抑烟体系。通过化学修饰方法制备了羟基化碳纳米管（CNTs-OH）与氨基化碳纳米管（CNTs-NH₂）。利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR）、X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）以及X射线衍射仪（XRD）对其结构与组成进行了表征，结果表明两种改性碳纳米管均成功获得。在此基础上，将4种金属氢氧化物（Cu(OH)₂、Fe(OH)₃、Al(OH)₃和Mg(OH)₂）与4种多孔炭材料（碳纳米管（CNTs）、CNTs-OH、CNTs-NH₂以及碳分子筛）分别引入至SRF中，构建SRF阻燃抑烟体系。

（2）研究了金属氢氧化物与多孔炭材料对SRF的阻燃抑烟性能影响。通过极限氧指数、水平垂直燃烧、烟密度以及锥形量热测试表明，4种金属氢氧化物均可显著提升SRF的阻燃效果，其中Mg(OH)₂/SRF复合材料的效果最佳，LOI从27.2%提升至29.7%，HRR和THR较纯SRF分别降低20.3%和36.4%。多孔炭材料的引入进一步增强了抑烟性能，其中添加CNTs-OH后，LOI提升至32.1%，阻燃等级达到V-0，SPR和TSP分别较纯SRF降低69.4%和37.3%。此外，Mg(OH)₂与CNTs-OH的复配表现出优异的协同作用，当7wt%Mg(OH)₂与1.5wt%CNTs-OH共同引入SRF体系，所得复合材料的LOI达30.4%，阻燃等级达到V-0，SDR、MSD、HRR、THR、SPR、TSP分别较纯SRF降低了35.5%、52.9%、39.1%、67.0%、69.5%和70.5%，火灾危险性显著降低。

（3）掌握了Mg(OH)₂/CNTs-OH/SRF复合材料燃烧产生的烟气成分及毒性等级。在烟气产物成分方面，采用烟密度箱与FTIR联用的毒性分析法对SRF复合材料燃烧释放的气体进行研究，结果表明：纯SRF材料热解时主要释放CO和CH₄，而添加阻燃抑烟剂的SRF复合材料其主要产物为SO₂、CO和CO₂。其中，SO₂为引发人员伤害的关键有毒组分，毒性指数为0.0823，符合欧盟标准要求。此外，还检测到一定量的烃类、醛类及其他有毒气体。在烟气毒性评价方面，通过动物暴露试验结果显示，SRF复合材料燃烧烟气具有一定的麻醉性与刺激性，但均在安全范围内，烟气毒性等级评定为准安全一级（ZA₁级），表明该材料在实际应用中具备良好的毒性安全性能。

（4）揭示了Mg(OH)₂与CNTs-OH对SRF复合材料的阻燃抑烟抑烟减毒机理。综合FTIR、XPS、SEM-EDS及热重分析（TGA）结果表明，CNTs-OH作为有效碳源，在Mg(OH)₂的催化条件下发生脱水炭化，生成致密的炭化层。与此同时，Mg²⁺热分解所形成的MgO有助于增强炭层的结构稳定性，释放的水蒸气则起到稀释可燃气体的作用。在协效阻燃抑烟剂的共同作用下，复合材料燃烧时形成SiO₂堆积层与炭化层构成的双层屏障，有效阻隔氧气与热量，显著提升了材料的阻燃性能，并降低了烟气及有毒产物的释放，展现出优异的抑烟减毒效果。

Silicone rubber foam (SRF), as a high-performance polymer material, is widely used in new energy vehicles, rail transit, aerospace and other fields due to its excellent flexibility and insulation. However, SRF is prone to combustion and release a large amount of smoke and toxic gases under high-temperature or open flame conditions, seriously threatening personnel safety and environmental health. Therefore, conducting smoke suppression and detoxification treatment on it is a key research direction for enhancing its safety performance. Metal hydroxides possess properties such as endothermic decomposition, gas dilution, and promotion of carbon layer formation, thereby enhancing the flame retardancy of materials. Meanwhile, porous carbon materials utilize their unique pore structure to efficiently adsorb and block toxic gases and smoke. The combination of metal hydroxides and porous carbon materials is currently a research hotspot in the field of flame retardancy, but its application in SRF is relatively rare. For this purpose, in this study, different types and contents of metal hydroxides and porous carbon materials were introduced into the SRF system to systematically investigate and analyze their effects on the flame retardant and smoke suppression performance of SRF. The smoke composition and toxicity of the material were evaluated through the analysis of its smoke generation toxicity, and the mechanism of smoke suppression and toxicity reduction was revealed. The following achievements have mainly been made:

(1) The SRF flame retardant and smoke suppression system was constructed. Hydroxylated carbon nanotubes (CNTs-OH) and aminated carbon nanotubes (CNTs-NH₂) were prepared by chemical modification methods. The structure and composition of the two modified carbon nanotubes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that both of the two modified carbon nanotubes were successfully obtained. On this basis, four kinds of metal hydroxides (Cu(OH)₂, Fe(OH)₃, Al(OH)₃ and Mg(OH)₂) and four kinds of porous carbon materials (carbon nanotubes (CNTs), CNTS-OH, CNTS-NH ₂ and carbon molecular sieves) were respectively introduced into SRF to construct the SRF flame retardant and smoke suppression system.

The flame retardant and smoke inhibition performance of SRFs with metal hydroxides and porous carbon materials was investigated.The limiting oxygen index(LOI),horizontal and vertical combustion,smoke density,and cone calorimetry tests showed that the four metal hydroxides could significantly enhance the flame retardancy of SRF,among which the Mg(OH)₂/SRF composite material was the best,with a LOI of 29.7%,and the HRR and THR were reduced by 20.3%and 36.4%compared with that of pure SRF,respectively.The introduction of porous carbon materials further enhanced the smoke suppression performance,in which the addition of CNTs-OH elevated the LOI to 32.1%,the flame retardant grade reached V-0,and the SPR and TSP were reduced by 69.4%and 37.3%,respectively,compared with that of pure SRF.In addition,the compounding of Mg(OH)₂ with CNTs-OH showed excellent synergistic effects,in which 7 wt%Mg(OH)₂ and 1.5 wt%CNTs-OH were co-introduced into the SRF,and the resulting composites had an LOI of 30.4%,a flame retardant grade of V-0,and the SDR,MSD,HRR,THR,SPR,and TSP were reduced compared to the pure SRF,respectively by 35.5%,52.9%,39.1%,67.0%,69.5%and 70.5%,respectively,compared with the pure SRF,and the fire hazard was significantly reduced.

(3) The composition and toxicity level of the flue gas produced by the combustion of Mg(OH)₂/CNTs-OH/SRF composites were characterized. As for the composition of smoke products, the toxicity analysis method of smoke density box coupled with FTIR was used to study the gases released from the combustion of SRF composites, and the results showed that the pure SRF materials mainly released CO and CH₄ during pyrolysis, while the main products of SRF composites with flame retardant and smoke suppressant added were SO₂, CO and CO₂. Among them, SO₂ is the key toxic component that triggers personnel injury, and the toxicity index is 0.0823, which meets the requirements of the EU standard. In addition, a certain amount of hydrocarbons, aldehydes and other toxic gases were detected. In terms of smoke toxicity evaluation, the results of animal exposure test show that the combustion smoke of SRF composite material has a certain degree of anesthesia and irritation, but they are all within the safe range, and the smoke toxicity rating is assessed as quasi-safe level 1 (ZA₁ level), indicating that the material has good toxicity safety performance in practical applications.

(4)The flame retardant and smoke inhibition and smoke reduction mechanism of Mg(OH)₂ and CNTs-OH on SRF composites was revealed.The combined FTIR,XPS,SEM-EDS and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)results showed that CNTs-OH,as an effective carbon source,underwent dehydration carbonization under the catalytic condition of Mg(OH)₂ to produce a dense carbonized layer.At the same time,MgO formed by thermal decomposition of Mg²⁺helps to enhance the structural stability of the carbon layer,and the released water vapor serves to dilute the combustible gases.Under the joint action of the synergistic flame retardant and smoke suppressant,SiO₂ is formed when the composite material burns.

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