环境资源产权制度是一个全新的研究领域。本文采用法律经济学的研究视角，运用现代产权理论、交易成本理论和博弈论等研究方法对当代中国环境资源产权制度进行了系统研究。 文章分四个部分。 第一部分为绪论，集中进行了概念和理论的阐述以及相关研究背景的介绍，分为两个层次。第一层次界定了环境资源的概念，介绍了目前中国面临的环境资源问题，探讨了该问题的实质并对其成因进行了经济学分析；第二层次主要介绍了产权的基本理论。 第二部分是对中国环境资源产权制度的一般分析。分为两个层次：第一层次是中国环境资源产权制度的缔约分析，分析了中国环境资源产权界定的约束条件，提出了公共产权是中国环境资源产权制度中最基本的所有权形式；第二层次介绍了中国环境资源公共产权制度存在的问题并对其原因进行了分析。 第三部分为中国环境资源产权制度的改进和完善。在这一部分，结合第二部分的分析内容，提出通过提高政府环境资源管制绩效，建立环境资源公共产权代理主体竞争机制，建立、健全环境资源产权的交易制度，加强对环境资源公共产权权能体系的系统化建构等四大项政策建议来优化中国环境资源公共产权制度、提高产权制度绩效。 第四部分为中国环境资源产权制度的法律保障。主要介绍了产权与法权的联系与区别，提出通过给予环境资源产权以更充分的法律确认以及完善环境资源诉讼制度来加强对环境资源产权的法律保障。

Property rights institution of environmental resources is a new area in research. This paper, from a law and economic perspective, studies property rights institution of environmental resources in China systematically with theory of modern property rights, transaction cost and game etc. This paper contains four parts. The first part is the introductory one that mainly set forth the essential conceptions and theories along with the background of the research. The first section includes a discussion of the conception of environment resources; and an introduction to problems of environmental resources in China; and an economic analysis of the above-mentioned problems and its courses. The second part presents a general analysis to China’s property rights institution of environmental resources. Firstly, I carry out a contracting analysis of property rights of environmental resources; hereby I study the control condition of establishing property rights of environmental resources. I find that the public property right is the basic form of property rights institution of environmental resources. In the second section I mainly analyze the weakness and the factors mainly affecting it. In the third part, I put forward ways to improve and enhance China’s property rights institution of environmental resources. Conferring the contents of second part I reach the following four points: (1) promoting the effect of government regulation in environmental resources; (2) Establishing the competition mechanism in environment resources public property rights agency; (3) Establishing and perfecting the transaction mechanism of environmental resources; (4) Systemizing China’s property rights institution of environmental resources. The fourth part discusses the legal protection of China’s property rights institution of environmental resources. In this part I focus on the differences between property rights and legal rights first, and I propose two ways to strengthen the legal protection of China’s property rights institution of environmental resources: one is to adjust the property right of environmental resources to legal right; the other is to promote and perfect the lawsuit mechanism in environmental resources.