合金结构钢以优异的综合性能和成本低廉的价格，目前已被广泛应用于制造业的各个领域。但是，以合金结构钢为材质的机械零件由于长期服役于高温高压等特殊工况环境中，以至于其表面性能低于工况的要求，容易发生磨损失效，受到腐蚀和氧化，从而需要进行长期的防护和保养并且花费大量的人力和物力。本文通过振动场辅助激光熔覆技术在35CrMoV钢表面制备了性能较好的Ni60/WC熔覆层，在制备的过程中分别向熔池中施加不同频率的机械振动(0 Hz、50 Hz、150 Hz、300 Hz)、沿不同方向施加的超声振动(X轴、Y轴、Z轴)、不同功率的超声振动(0 W、300 W、600 W、900 W)。分别对熔覆层的宏观形貌、微观组织、元素分布、物相组成以及晶粒尺寸和取向等进行了实验表征；对熔覆层的力学性能进行了测试；分析了振动场对熔覆层微观组织、物相组成、元素分布和力学性能影响的机制。具体的研究内容和结论如下：

       在单道激光熔覆和多道激光熔覆的过程中施加不同频率的机械振动，分析了不同频率对熔覆层宏观形貌、熔池宽度、熔池深度、物相成分、组织和力学性能的影响规律。结果表明，通过改变机械振动的频率能够有效的使熔覆层组织得到细化，元素偏析得到抑制，力学性能得到提高，但是机械振动的施加并未明显改变熔覆层的物相组成；当频率为150 Hz时，熔覆层的组织细化效果明显，元素分布最为均匀，平均摩擦系数最小为0.359，磨损宽度最小为115 μm，平均显微硬度最高为862.02 HV₁。

       通过建立空间坐标系，在激光熔覆的过程中分别从平行于基板的X轴、Y轴、Z轴的方向依次向熔池中施加超声振动，研究了不同工况下熔覆层组织与性能的变化，阐明了不同施加方向对熔覆层组织与性能的影响机制。根据超声所产生的特定的物理效应，从不同施加方向揭示了物理效应对组织的作用效果。结果表明，不同方向施加的超声振动对熔覆层组织细化、元素的偏析和力学性能的改善有着显著的作用，在对比实验中平行于Z轴方向施加的熔覆层晶粒细化最为显著，其微观组织以等轴晶为主，此时熔覆层的平均摩擦系数最小为0.264，磨损深度为2.71 μm，磨损量为1.986×10⁶ μm³，平均显微硬度最高为896.95 HV₁。

       在激光熔覆制备Ni60/WC熔覆层的过程中，分别向熔池中施加功率为0 W、300 W、600 W、900 W的超声振动，分别分析了超声空化效应对熔覆层组织细化的原理、超声功率对晶粒尺寸和晶粒取向的影响和不同的超声功率对大小角度晶界占比的影响，通过对晶核平均取向差的计算以及硬取向晶粒统计来分析组织的位错密度和硬取向晶粒的变化。结果表明，随着超声功率的增加，组织形貌由二次枝晶逐渐转变为等轴晶，晶粒平均尺寸减小，晶粒取向密度降低，小角度晶界占比增加，位错密度增加，硬取向晶粒数量提高；当超声功率为600 W时，熔覆层的耐磨性最好，此时的平均摩擦系数、磨损深度和磨损量分别为0.216、2.64 μm、1.921×10⁶ μm³，平均显微硬度为896.95 HV₁。

       Alloy structural steel has been widely used in various fields of manufacturing for its excellent comprehensive properties and low cost. However, mechanical parts made of alloy structural steel are used in special working conditions such as high temperature and high pressure for a long time, so that their surface properties are lower than the requirements of the working conditions, prone to wear failure, corrosion and oxidation, which requires long-term protection and maintenance and costs a lot of manpower and material resources. In this paper, the Ni60/WC cladding layer with good properties was prepared on the surface of 35CrMoV steel by vibration field assisted laser cladding technology. In the process of preparation, mechanical vibration of different frequencies (0 Hz, 50 Hz, 150 Hz, 300 Hz), ultrasonic vibration in different directions (X axis, Y axis, Z axis) and ultrasonic vibration of different powers (0 W, 300 W, 600 W, 900 W) were applied to the molten pool. The macroscopic morphology, microstructure, element distribution, phase composition, grain size and orientation of the cladding layer were characterized by experiments. The mechanical properties of the cladding layer were tested. The mechanism of influence of vibration field on microstructure, phase composition, element distribution and mechanical properties of cladding layer is analyzed. The specific research contents and conclusions are as follows:

       Different frequencies of mechanical vibration were applied in the process of single laser cladding and multi-laser cladding, and the effects of different frequencies on the macroscopic morphology, molten pool width, molten pool depth, phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of the cladding layer were analyzed. The results show that by changing the frequency of mechanical vibration, the microstructure of the cladding layer can be effectively refined, the element segregation can be suppressed, and the mechanical properties can be improved. However, the application of mechanical vibration does not significantly change the phase composition of the cladding layer. When the frequency is 150 Hz, the microstructure refinement effect of the cladding layer is obvious, the element distribution is the most uniform, the average friction coefficient is the smallest 0.359, the wear width is the smallest 115 μm, and the average microhardness is the highest 862.02 HV₁.

       By establishing a space coordinate system, ultrasonic vibration was applied to the molten pool in the direction of X axis, Y axis and Z axis parallel to the substrate in the process of laser cladding. The changes of the structure and properties of the cladding layer under different working conditions were studied, and the influence mechanism of different application directions on the structure and properties of the cladding layer was elucidated. According to the specific physical effect produced by ultrasound, the effect of physical effect on tissue is revealed from different application directions. The results show that ultrasonic vibration applied in different directions has a significant effect on the microstructure refinement, element segregation and mechanical property improvement of the cladding layer. In the comparative experiment, the grain refinement of the cladding layer applied parallel to the z-axis direction is the most significant, and its microstructure is mainly equiaxed. At this time, the average friction coefficient of the cladding layer is the minimum of 0.264, and the wear depth is 2.71 μm. The wear amount is 1.986× 10⁶μm³, and the average microhardness is 896.95HV₁.

       In the process of preparing Ni60/WC cladding layer by laser cladding, ultrasonic vibration with power of 0 W, 300 W, 600 W and 900 W was applied to the melting pool respectively. The principle of ultrasonic cavitation effect on the microstructure refinement of cladding layer, the influence of ultrasonic power on grain size and grain orientation, and the influence of different ultrasonic power on the proportion of grain boundary of size and Angle were analyzed respectively. The dislocation density of the structure and the change of the hard oriented grain were analyzed by calculating the average orientation difference of the crystal core and the hard oriented grain statistics. The results show that with the increase of ultrasonic power, the microstructure changes from secondary dendrites to equiaxed grains, the average grain size decreases, the grain orientation density decreases, the proportion of small-angle grain boundaries increases, the dislocation density increases, and the number of hard-oriented grains increases. When the ultrasonic power is 600 W, the wear resistance of the cladding layer is the best, and the average friction coefficient, wear depth and wear amount are 0.216, 2.64 μm, 1.921×10⁶ μm³, respectively, and the average microhardness is 896.95HV₁.

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