保护层卸压开采作为一种区域性防冲技术，在冲击地压矿井被越来越多的推广和应用，但其卸压效应难以测试，未形成成熟的卸压机理，无法为保护层开采对下伏煤岩体卸压防冲的现场实施提供足够的理论和技术支持。本文以葫芦素煤矿近距离煤层群上保护层开采为研究背景，综合运用Matlab理论解析计算、循环加卸载煤岩力学试验、煤岩应力应变演化物理模型试验、保护层开采地质采矿因素数值分析和光纤传感技术现场监测等多种研究手段，研究了近距离煤层群保护层开采下伏煤岩应力场、应变场、位移场的时空演化规律，探究了不同循环加卸载条件下煤岩损伤变量、力学强度和冲击倾向性的变化规律，分析了层间距、采高等因素对保护层开采卸压效果的敏感程度，开展了分布式光纤传感技术对现场保护层开采卸压效果及范围的实时监测应用。本文的主要研究结论如下：

（1）理论分析保护层开采过程中不同深度下伏煤岩体应力分布规律。倾向方向，煤岩体的垂直应力在采空区中部最小，向两侧边界煤柱逐渐增大；水平应力在采空区下方为压应力，在区段煤柱下方为拉应力，随着深度增大均减小，与垂直应力变化趋势相反。走向方向，垂直应力分为增压区、卸压区、恢复区，水平应力在采空区侧距工作面越近压应力越大。垂直应力降低幅度大于水平应力，在较低残余垂直应力下，高水平应力对下伏煤岩体形成较高的挤压作用，促进煤岩体变形破坏和高地应力的释放。

（2）建立不同循环加卸载条件下煤岩损伤变量、单轴抗压强度、冲击倾向性之间的内在关系，揭示了保护层开采过程中卸载煤岩体结构损伤和力学强度降低的卸压减冲机制。煤岩的损伤变量随加卸载次数、应力的增大而增大，随加卸载速率的增大而减小；循环加卸载作用下煤岩损伤变量增大，单轴抗压强度降低；煤岩的损伤与单轴抗压强度、冲击倾向性呈反比。煤岩冲击倾向性在循环加卸载下减弱，受加卸载应力影响作用一般，受加卸载次数和速率影响作用显著。

（3）保护层开采卸压效果受地质采矿因素影响显著。随采高增大，临界卸压最大深度和程度均增大，但采高大于6 m，临界卸压最大深度增幅逐渐减弱；随层间距增大，卸压程度减小，临界卸压最大深度先增大后减小再稳定不变，层间距约20~30 m范围为拐点位置；随工作面面长、层间岩性强度的增大，临界卸压最大深度和程度均减小；地质采矿因素对卸压效果的影响权重顺序为：层间距离>采高>层间岩性>工作面面长。

（4）保护层开采降低了被保护层顶板断裂动载能量和高地应力环境。保护层开采过程中下伏煤岩经历了应力集中、释放、恢复的动态过程，导致下伏煤岩裂隙发育和结构完整性破坏，弹性能量释放，为被保护层创造了卸压低应力环境。被保护层采动垂直应力分布曲线整体呈“U”型，开口位置出现应力集中，底部位置出现应力降低。被保护开采时顶板及关键厚砂岩层悬顶破断距离变小，来压步距和强度均降低。被保护层采动垂直应力变化可分为两个类型，距离切眼相对较近区域：“低应力集中区-卸压区-卸压未充分恢复区-卸压稳定区”；距离切眼相对较远区域：“高应力集中区-卸压区-卸压充分恢复区-卸压稳定区”。

（5）数值模拟结果表明保护层开采后采空区内矸石垮落具有不均匀性，分为充分垮落压实区和非充分垮落压实区，引起采空区下方被保护层应力恢复状态不同。被保护层垂直应力恢复曲线呈动态变化过程，保护层开采范围较小时，被保护层垂直应力恢复分布曲线为“U”型；保护层开采范围较大时，垂直应力恢复分布曲线由“U”型逐渐转为“W”型；保护层开采范围足够大时，垂直应力恢复分布曲线由“W”型转变为多个“W”型叠加分布。

（6）光纤传感技术实现了保护层开采过程中下伏煤岩体（走向95.37 m、倾向128.47 m、垂向36.94 m）卸压规律及卸压范围现场实时监测。光纤监测数据反映了保护层开采过程中下伏煤岩体应力增高压缩变形、应力降低膨胀变形、应力恢复拉变形降低的动态过程；基于光纤应变增量的波动幅度来表征卸压效果，将卸压过程分为三个阶段：卸压开始阶段为40.8 m，卸压活跃阶段为68.3 m，卸压衰退阶段。得到保护层走向卸压角58.7°，倾向卸压角63.6°，卸压滞后距离14.2 m，卸压最大垂距28.4 m。

基于对近距离煤层群保护层开采的卸压机理、卸压影响因素及卸压保护范围等方面研究，探究了分布式光纤传感技术在监测保护层开采下伏煤岩卸压规律及卸压范围工程领域中的应用，为葫芦素煤矿保护层开采防治冲击地压灾害提供理论和技术指导，从而为矿区安全高效开发奠定基础。

As a regional anti rock burst technology, protective seam pressure relief mining is more and more popularized and applied in rock burst mines. However, its pressure relief effect is difficult to test and has not formed a mature pressure relief mechanism, which can not provide enough theoretical and technical support for the on-site implementation of pressure relief and anti rock burst of underlying coal and rock mass by protective seam mining. Based on the research background of protective seam mining in Hulusu coal mine, this paper studies the protective seam of close coal seam group by comprehensive use of Matlab theoretical analysis, cyclic loading-unloading coal rock mass mechanics test, physical model test of coal-rock stress-strain evolution, numerical analysis of geological factors of protective seam mining, and on-site monitoring of pressure relief effect based on optical fiber sensing. The temporal and spatial evolution laws of stress field, strain field and displacement field of underlying coal and rock are analyzed. The variation laws of structural damage, mechanical strength and impact tendency of coal and rock under different cyclic loading and unloading conditions are explored. The sensitivity degree of interlayer spacing, mining thickness and other factors to the pressure relief effect of protective seam mining is analyzed. The application of distributed fiber sensing technology to real-time monitoring of pressure relief effect and range of field protective layer mining is carried out. The main conclusions are as follows.

(1) The stress distribution law of underlying coal and rock at different depths after protective seam mining is analyzed theoretically. In the dip direction, the vertical stress of coal and rock mass is the smallest in the middle of the goaf and gradually increases to the boundary coal pillars on both sides; the horizontal stress is compressive stress below the goaf and tensile stress below the coal pillars, which gradually decreases with the increase of depth, contrary to the change trend of vertical stress. In the trending direction, the vertical stress is divided into pressurization area, relief area and recovery area. The closer the goaf is to the working face, the greater the horizontal stress is. The decrease of vertical stress is larger than that of horizontal stress. Under the condition of lower residual vertical stress, high horizontal stress has a higher compression effect on the underlying coal and rock mass, which promotes the deformation and failure of coal and rock mass and the release of high ground stress.

(2) The internal relationship among cumulative damage, uniaxial compressive strength and impact tendency of coal and rock under different cyclic loading and unloading conditions is established, and the mechanism of pressure relief and impact reduction of structural damage and mechanical strength reduction of unloading coal and rock during protective seam mining is revealed. The cumulative damage of coal and rock increases with the increase of loading and unloading times and stress, and decreases with the increase of loading and unloading rate; the cumulative damage of coal and rock increases under cyclic loading and unloading, and the uniaxial compressive strength decreases; the damage of coal and rock is inversely proportional to the uniaxial compressive strength and impact tendency. The impact tendency of coal and rock weakens under cyclic loading and unloading, which is generally affected by loading and unloading stress, and significantly affected by loading and unloading times and rate.

(3) The pressure relief effect of protective seam mining is significantly affected by geological and mining factors. With the increase of mining thickness, the maximum depth and degree of critical pressure relief increase, but when the mining thickness is greater than 6 m, the increase of the maximum depth of critical pressure relief gradually weakens; with the increase of interval, the degree of pressure relief decreases, the maximum depth of critical pressure relief first increases, then decreases, and then remains unchanged, the interval is about 20 ~ 30 m With the increase of face length and interlayer lithology strength, the maximum depth and degree of critical pressure relief decrease; the order of influence weight of geological and mining factors on pressure relief effect is: interlayer distance > mining thickness > interlayer lithology > face length.

(4) During the mining process of protective seam, the underlying coal and rock undergoes the dynamic process of stress concentration, release and recovery, which leads to the fracture development, structural integrity damage and elastic energy release of the underlying coal and rock, creating a low stress environment for the protected seam. The vertical stress distribution curve of the protected layer shows a "U" shape. The stress concentration occurs at the opening position, and the stress decreases at the bottom. The minimum stress is 0.15 times of the original rock stress. There are two types of mining induced vertical stress changes in the protected layer: the area relatively close to the open-off cut: "low stress concentration area, pressure relief area, pressure relief not fully recovered area, pressure relief stable area"; the area relatively far away from the open-off cut: "high stress concentration area, pressure relief area, pressure relief fully recovered area, pressure relief stable area".

(5) The numerical simulation results show that the gangue in the goaf after the protective layer mining is uneven, which is divided into full caving compaction area and non full caving compaction area, resulting in different stress recovery state of the protected layer below the goaf. The vertical stress recovery curve of the protected layer shows a dynamic change process. When the mining range of the protected layer is small, the vertical stress recovery distribution curve of the protected layer is "U" type; when the mining range of the protected layer is large, the vertical stress recovery distribution curve gradually changes from "U" type to "W" type; when the mining range of the protected layer is large enough, the vertical stress recovery distribution curve changes from "W" type to multiple“ W "type superimposed distribution.

(6) The optical fiber sensing technology is used to realize the real-time monitoring of the pressure relief law and pressure relief range of the underlying coal and rock mass (strike 95.37 m, dip 128.47 m, vertical 36.94 m) in the process of protective seam mining. The optical fiber monitoring data reflects the dynamic process of stress increase and compression deformation, stress decrease and expansion deformation, stress recovery and tension deformation reduction of underlying coal and rock during the mining process of protective seam; based on the fluctuation amplitude of optical fiber strain increment to characterize the pressure relief effect, the pressure relief process is divided into three stages: the pressure relief starting stage is 40.8 m, the pressure relief active stage is 68.3 m, and the pressure relief recession stage. The results show that the strike pressure relief angle is 58.7 °, the dip pressure relief angle is 63.6 °, the pressure relief lag distance is 14.2 m, and the maximum vertical distance of pressure relief is 28.4 m.

Based on the research of pressure relief mechanism, pressure relief influencing factors and pressure relief protection scope of protective seam mining in close distance coal seam group, the application of distributed optical fiber sensing technology in monitoring the pressure relief law and pressure relief scope of underlying coal and rock in protective seam mining is explored, which provides theoretical and technical guidance for the prevention and control of rock burst disaster in protective seam mining in Hulusu coal mine, so as to provide reference for the mining area Lay the foundation for safe and efficient development.

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