随着矿井开采条件日益复杂，煤矿生产面临的冲击地压问题愈发严峻，使得冲击地压的有效防治成为煤矿安全生产领域亟待解决的关键课题。本文以宽沟煤矿为研究背景，采用现场调研、理论分析、力学试验、物理模拟、数值计算、现场工程实践相结合的研究方法，掌握了煤层坚硬顶板周期破断的工作面采动影响下冲击地压链式发生规律，揭示了坚硬顶板条件下的冲击地压防治机理，分析了顶板周期破断加卸载采动影响的水力压裂分段长度科学选取方法，确定了煤层复合坚硬顶板冲击地压灾害水力压裂超前有效治理的关键参数，并完成了现场工业实践应用。主要研究成果如下：

(1)通过关键层层位判别与能量释放层位辨识综合确定了坚硬顶板条件下冲击地压矿井合理卸压层位。坚硬顶板条件下工作面宽度增加影响的弹性变形能具有明显增加的特征，且工作面宽度增加使采空区两侧应力与应变能密度集中程度普遍增加。由坚硬顶板周期破断影响的加卸载模型构建，推导了工作面开采的采动应力计算公式，掌握了采动应力峰值随着周期破断距离的增加而逐渐增大的特征，继而获得了坚硬顶板条件下的冲击地压链式发生规律，揭示了分段水力压裂的坚硬顶板断链防治冲击地压机理。

(2)基于煤岩组合体与不同岩性岩样组合体的力学试验，获取了组合体试样抗压强度、声发射累计能量大小均介于组合样的单一标准试样之间的特征，掌握了单一试样的强度越低其组合试样的该类元件破坏程度越高的规律。通过理论推导的顶板周期破断采动应力路径下的煤样加卸载力学试验分析，并引入加卸载响应比，掌握了不同周期破断步距采动影响应力路径下的煤样冲击效应及其加卸载响应规律。结合加卸载响应比的评价指标，得到其32.0m周期破断步距采动应力路径下的煤样可视为冲击煤样，继而获得了坚硬顶板周期破断的合理控制范围，形成了坚硬顶板条件下冲击地压防治的分段水力压裂断链尺寸确定方法。

(3)真三轴物理模拟分析所得细粒砂岩较中粒砂岩模拟试样压裂结束的裂缝扩展复杂程度较高，试样破坏程度明显。细粒砂岩模拟试样水力压裂过程中产生的大能量事件明显较高，且试样破坏程度大使得其能量热点区域的分布范围较广。15m、17m实际压裂高度时的细粒砂岩与中粒砂岩均达到有效压裂，考虑到模拟的实际压裂高度为15m时，其能量释放较为均衡，复合层上下层裂缝分布均有较好的扩展的特征，确定了宽沟煤矿坚硬顶板的合理压裂高度应位于煤层顶部上方15m位置处。

(4)通过对复合坚硬顶板条件下影响水力压裂效果的主要影响因素分析及其数值计算，掌握了多参量影响的复合坚硬顶板水力压裂裂缝扩展及其裂缝形态孕育规律。相同时间内15m压裂高度时单位高度的微震事件差值较小，且裂缝扩展呈现出较同步的到达复合坚硬岩层顶底部位置的特征。当水平应力存在明显的应力差时，裂缝更容易沿着最大主应力方向延伸，形成较为单一的裂缝形态。当压裂孔间距较小时相邻裂缝有效贯通，且当其压裂孔间距为50m时，缝累计扩展面积相对较高。随着压裂钻孔与最小主应力夹角的增大，其裂缝扩展沿层面累计长度普遍呈逐渐减小的变化趋势，裂缝扩展上下部与最大主应力夹角呈逐步增大的变化趋势。随着分段长度增加其缝间干扰作用逐渐减弱，当分段长度超过30m后的缝间干扰明显减弱，且裂缝扩展相对平整。基于多参量影响的裂缝扩展及其尺寸变化规律，确定了分段水力压裂钻孔间距、钻孔角度等的关键参数，实现了复合坚硬顶板分段水力压裂的参数优化与科学设定。

(5)运用坚硬顶板断链减灾的分段水力压裂冲击地压防治技术，实现了对坚硬岩层结构失稳尺度的精细调控。并采用“声-光-磁”联合监测方法，完成了水力压裂现场应用及其效果评价。水力压裂有效消除了诱发大能量事件的前兆迹象，其压裂后的大能量前兆信息的微震活动b值、A(b)值、P(b)值和S值变化幅度均相对较低，微震活动稳定。分段水力压裂后覆岩能量释放总量降低，微震大能量事件转化为占比更高的小能量事件，较于压裂前周期来压期间的支架最大工作阻力、平均工作阻力降幅分别达到9.28%、9.71%。同时，其覆岩电阻率明显下降，水力压裂有效覆盖坚硬顶板范围内，且坚硬顶板裂隙数量明显增多。坚硬顶板条件下分段水力压裂现场实施保障了工作面的安全高效开采，使其冲击地压得到有效防治。

本研究对类似坚硬顶板条件下冲击地压矿井煤炭资源的安全开采及其科学防治具有良好的参考价值和科学借鉴。

With the increasingly complex mining conditions, the problem of rock burst in coal mine production is becoming more and more serious, which makes the effective prevention and control of rock burst become a key issue to be solved urgently in the field of coal mine safety production. Taking Kuangou Coal Mine as the research background, this paper adopts the research methods of field investigation, theoretical analysis, mechanical test, physical simulation, numerical calculation and field engineering practice, grasps the chain occurrence law of rock burst under the influence of mining in the working face with periodic broken hard roof in coal seam, reveals the prevention mechanism of rock burst under the condition of hard roof, analyzes the scientific selection method of hydraulic fracturing segment length under the influence of periodic broken roof and unloading mining, and determines the key parameters for effective control of rock burst disaster in coal seam with composite hard roof. The main research results are as follows:

(1) The reasonable pressure relief horizon of rockburst mine under the condition of hard roof is comprehensively determined through the identification of key strata and energy release horizon. Under the condition of hard roof, the elastic deformation energy affected by the increase of working face width has the characteristics of obvious increase, and the increase of working face width makes the concentration degree of stress and strain energy density on both sides of goaf generally increase. Based on the loading and unloading model influenced by periodic breaking of hard roof, the formula for calculating the mining stress in working face mining is derived, and the characteristics that the peak value of mining stress increases gradually with the increase of periodic breaking distance are mastered, and then the chain occurrence law of rock burst under the condition of hard roof is obtained, revealing the mechanism of preventing rock burst by broken chain of hard roof in subsection hydraulic fracturing.

(2) Based on the mechanical test of coal-rock combination and rock sample combination with different lithology, the characteristics that the compressive strength and acoustic emission cumulative energy of the combination sample are between the single standard sample of the combination sample are obtained, and the law that the lower the strength of a single sample, the higher the damage degree of such components of the combination sample is mastered. Through the theoretical analysis of loading and unloading mechanics of coal samples under the stress path of roof periodic breaking mining, and introducing the loading and unloading response ratio, the impact effect of coal samples under the stress path affected by mining with different periodic breaking steps and its loading and unloading response law are mastered. Combined with the evaluation index of loading and unloading response ratio, it is concluded that the coal sample under the mining stress path with its 32.0m periodic breaking step can be regarded as an impact coal sample, and then the reasonable control range of periodic breaking of hard roof is obtained, and a method for determining the broken chain size of segmented hydraulic fracturing for preventing and controlling rock burst under the condition of hard roof is formed.

(3) Compared with the simulated sample of medium-grained sandstone, the fine-grained sandstone obtained by true triaxial physical simulation analysis has higher complexity of fracture propagation after fracturing, and the damage degree of the sample is obvious. The high-energy events produced in the hydraulic fracturing process of fine-grained sandstone simulation samples are obviously high, and the damage degree of the samples makes the distribution range of energy hot spots wider. Both fine-grained sandstone and medium-grained sandstone are effectively fractured at the actual fracturing height of 15m and 17m. Considering that the simulated actual fracturing height is 15m, the energy release is relatively balanced, and the fracture distribution in the upper and lower layers of the composite layer is well expanded, it is determined that the reasonable fracturing height of the hard roof in Kuangou Coal Mine should be 15m above the top of the coal seam.

(4) Through the analysis and numerical calculation of the main factors affecting the hydraulic fracturing effect under the condition of composite hard roof, the fracture propagation and fracture morphology inoculation law of hydraulic fracturing with composite hard roof affected by multiple parameters are mastered. At the same time, the difference of microseismic events per unit height is small when the fracturing height is 15m, and the fracture propagation shows the characteristics of reaching the top and bottom of composite hard rock stratum synchronously. When there is obvious stress difference in horizontal stress, cracks are more likely to extend along the direction of maximum principal stress, forming a relatively single crack shape. When the spacing of fracturing holes is small, adjacent fractures are effectively penetrated, and when the spacing of fracturing holes is 50m, the cumulative expansion area of fractures is relatively high. With the increase of the angle between the fracturing borehole and the minimum principal stress, the cumulative length of fracture propagation along the bedding plane generally decreases, and the angle between the upper and lower parts of fracture propagation and the maximum principal stress increases gradually. With the increase of segment length, the interference between cracks gradually weakens, and when the segment length exceeds 30m, the interference between cracks obviously weakens, and the crack propagation is relatively flat. Based on the law of fracture propagation and its size change influenced by multiple parameters, the key parameters such as drilling spacing and drilling angle of segmented hydraulic fracturing are determined, and the parameter optimization and scientific setting of segmented hydraulic fracturing with composite hard roof are realized.

(5) Using the segmented hydraulic fracturing rock burst prevention technology to reduce the disaster caused by broken chain of hard roof, the scale of structural instability of hard rock stratum is finely regulated. The field application of hydraulic fracturing and its effect evaluation are completed by using the "acoustic-optical-magnetic" joint monitoring method. Hydraulic fracturing effectively eliminates the precursor signs that induce high-energy events, and the changes of microseismic activity b value, A(b) value, P(b) value and S value of high-energy precursor information after fracturing are relatively low, and the microseismic activity is stable. After staged hydraulic fracturing, the total energy release of overlying strata decreased, and the large energy events of microseisms were transformed into small energy events with a higher proportion, which decreased by 9.28% and 9.71% respectively compared with the maximum working resistance and average working resistance of the support during periodic weighting before fracturing. At the same time, the resistivity of overlying strata decreased obviously, hydraulic fracturing effectively covered the hard roof, and the number of cracks in the hard roof increased obviously. The field implementation of segmented hydraulic fracturing under the condition of hard roof ensures the safe and efficient mining of the working face and effectively prevents its rock burst.

This study has good reference value and scientific reference for the safe mining and scientific prevention of coal resources in rockburst mines under similar hard roof conditions.

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