生物炭原料来源广泛、稳定性好、具有丰富的含氧官能团和表面易于功能化，对水中污染物吸附去除具有较大潜力。本文以柚子皮为原料，采用微波碳化制备生物炭(BC)，为了提高生物炭的吸附性能，将柚子皮和H₃PO₄预处理柚子皮分别与K₂FeO₄混合微波碳化，制备了两种生物炭材料（柚子皮与K₂FeO₄混合微波碳化制备的生物炭命名为KBCA；H₃PO₄预处理柚子皮与K₂FeO₄混合微波碳化制备的生物炭命名为KHBC）。采用SEM、BET、XRD、FTIR、XPS和Zeta电位分析等分析表征了生物炭的物理化学结构特性和吸附机理。探讨了生物炭的制备工艺和化学活化对生物炭吸附性能的影响。研究了生物炭对水中Cr(Ⅵ)和诺氟沙星有机物的吸附性能和机理。主要研究内容和结论如下：

（1）KBCA为柚子皮与K₂FeO₄以质量比5:2混合在微波功率700 W条件下微波辐射5 min制备最佳生物炭。KHBC为柚子皮经浓度50% H₃PO₄预处理与K₂FeO₄以质量比5:1混合在微波功率600 W条件下微波辐射5 min制备最佳生物炭。

（2）KBCA的比表面积和孔体积分别为49.330 m²·g^-1和0.030 cm³·g^-1，表面存在丰富的含氧官能团，零电位点pH值为4.4。KHBC的比表面积和孔体积分别为235.100 m²·g^-1和0.320 cm³·g^-1。表面含有含氧官能团和磷酸基团，零电位点pH值为6.4。

（3）吸附动力学和热力学研究表明，KBCA和KHBC对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附数据更符合二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型，对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附热力学过程均是自发吸热的，对Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量分别为105.900和198.810 mg·g^-1，经过三次吸附-脱附后分别保留原有吸附量的80%和83%。

（4）KBCA对诺氟沙星的吸附数据符合二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型，对诺氟沙星的热力学过程是自发吸热的，在pH=5条件下对诺氟沙星的最大吸附量为180.800 mg·g^-1，经过三次吸附-脱附平衡后保留原有吸附量的82%。

Biochar has a wide range of raw material sources, good stability, abundant oxygen-containing functional groups, and easy surface functionalization, which has great potential for the adsorption and removal of pollutants in water. In this paper, biochar (BC) was prepared by microwave carbonization using pomelo peel as raw material. In order to improve the adsorption performance of biochar, two kinds of biochar materials (The biochar was prepared by mixing the pomelo peel with K₂FeO₄ through microwave carbonization was named KBCA;The biochar was prepared by mixing pretreating pomelo peel with phosphoric acid and mixing with K₂FeO₄ through microwave carbonization was named KHBC) were prepared by mixing the pomelo peel with K₂FeO₄ and pretreating pomelo peel with phosphoric acid and then mixing with K₂FeO₄, through microwave carbonization. The physicochemical structure characteristics and adsorption mechanism of biochar were characterized by SEM, BET, XRD, FTIR, XPS and Zeta potential analysis. The effects of biochar preparation technology and chemical activation on the adsorption properties of biochar were discussed. The adsorption performance and mechanism of prepared biochar on Cr(Ⅵ) and norfloxacin removal in simulated wastewater were studied.The main findings and conclusions are as follows:

(1) The optimal preparation of KBCA was obtained by mixing pomelo peel with K₂FeO₄ in a mass ratio of 5:2 under the microwave power of 700 W for 5 min. While the optimal conditions for preparing the KHBC were pre-treated with 50% H₃PO₄ and then mixed with K₂FeO₄ in a mass ratio of 5:1 under microwave power of 600 W for 5 min.

(2) The specific surface area and pore volume of KBCA are 49.330 m²·g^-1 and 0.030 cm³·g^-1, respectively. Many oxygen-containing functional groups were seen on the surface of KBCA, and the pH value of the zero potential point is 4.4. The specific surface area and pore volume of KHBC were 235.100 m²·g^-1 and 0.320 m³·g^-1, respectively. The surface of KHBC biochar contains abundant oxygen-containing functional groups and phosphate group , and the pH value of the zero potential point is 6.4.

(3) The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption data of Cr(Ⅵ) by KBCA and KHBC were in better agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(Ⅵ) by KBCA and KHBC was 105.900 and 198.810 mg·g^-1, respectively. and after three adsorption-regeneration cycles, 80% and 83% of the original adsorption capacity and KBCA and KHBC were retained, respectively.

(4) Norfloxacin adsorption data by KBCA is consistent with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The thermodynamic process of norfloxacin is spontaneous and endothermic, and the maximum adsorption capacity of norfloxacin was 180.800 mg·g^-1 at pH=5. After three adsorption-regeneration cycles, the adsorbent still maintains 82% of the original adsorption capacity.

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