页岩气的高效开采有利于保障我国能源安全，改善能源结构，缓解能源压力。在页岩气开采过程中，热辅助开发是一种加速页岩气解吸的有效方法，可提高页岩气产量，缩短开采周期。在热辅助高温作用下，页岩的热物理性质、渗透率和孔隙结构发生显著变化，从而影响页岩油气的传输性能。因此，研究页岩热辅助开发高温物性响应及热损伤机制，揭示页岩气在高温条件下的赋存状态，对页岩气的开采具有现实意义。

本文以寒武系牛蹄塘组页岩和水沟口组页岩为研究对象，采用热传导加热和热辐射（微波）加热的页岩热辅助开发方式，综合运用室内试验和理论分析的方法研究了高温作用下页岩的热物理性质、孔隙结构特征、渗透率和力学参数的变化，分析了实时高温作用下页岩的热声发射特征，开展了页岩热传导辅助开发物性响应特征研究和微波热辅助开发响应特征研究，结合微-宏观响应特征，揭示了页岩高温损伤机制。研究成果和结论如下：

（1）基于热声发射技术，研究了不同升温速率下牛蹄塘组页岩的热声发射特征及裂纹演化规律，揭示了页岩Kaiser效应的热疲劳敏感性，实现了页岩热损伤阈值温度的识别。在升温过程中，页岩中的拉张裂纹和剪切裂纹共同发育，但以拉张裂纹为主，当温度达到300℃，剪切裂纹所占比例开始增大，升温速率的增加有利于大尺度拉张裂纹的发育；牛蹄塘组页岩热Kaiser效应的阈值温度约为180℃，升温速率对阈值温度的影响不显著；当加热温度低于300℃时，页岩仍保持对阈值温度的记忆性，超过300℃，无机矿物的热膨胀和有机质的热解对热Kaiser效应产生干扰，导致页岩对最高温度记忆性的丧失。

（2）通过热传导加热方式下页岩物理力学试验，分析了牛蹄塘组页岩物理参数、孔隙结构特征以及渗透率随温度变化规律，得到了页岩强度的温度响应特征。结果表明300~450℃是牛蹄塘组页岩物理性质发生突变的阈值温度，在此温度下，波速和电容大幅减小，色度、硬度、光泽度和阻抗随温度的升高均大幅增加；当加热温度低于300℃时，孔隙度和渗透率变化不大，超过300℃时，孔隙度和渗透率显著增加。根据不同温度处理后核磁共振特性，将页岩孔隙类型划分为小孔（r<0.01 μm），中孔（0.01 μm0.1 μm），300℃之后，小孔的均匀程度逐渐增强，同时部分小孔向中孔转化；较低的升温速率有利于有机质的热解，导致页岩抗拉强度的显著降低，随着升温速率的增大，页岩受热不均匀，抗拉强度有所增大。当升温速率继续增大时，页岩内大尺度裂纹的发育又会造成抗拉强度的下降。

（3）基于页岩微波热效应的影响因素，研究了微波照射下页岩的热损伤机制，阐明了水沟口组页岩断裂韧度的微波响应，揭示了不同层理角度页岩的破坏模式。结果表明水分、介电常数和矿物组分是影响页岩微波热效应的主要因素；微波作用下，不同层理角度页岩断裂韧度存在一个温度阈值，对于层理分离（Crack-splitter）型、层理止裂（Crack-arrester）型和层理分割（Crack-divider）型页岩，阈值温度分别为50℃、125℃和200℃；Crack-divider型、Crack-arrester型和Crack-splitter型页岩的断裂韧度依次减小，同时随着微波照射时长的增加，断裂韧度逐渐下降；不同层理角度页岩断裂韧性的差异是由加载过程中裂纹扩展机制引起的。

（4）结合微-宏观响应特征，阐释了高温后页岩的微观结构变化和热解机理，揭示了页岩高温损伤机制。研究表明高温后页岩结构发生热破坏，孔隙数量和尺度增大，微裂纹增多；有机质的热解和无机矿物的热膨胀是造成页岩热损伤的主要原因。高温作用下，页岩表面有机质热解，孔隙和裂隙暴露。在高温和孔隙压力共同作用下，原有孔隙和裂隙逐渐扩展连通并产生新的裂隙，随着内部有机质的继续热解，更多的孔隙和裂隙产生；在较快的升温速率下，页岩内孔隙压力和热应力在短时间内急剧增加，易发生脆性破坏。

The effective exploitation of shale gas is conducive to ensuring my country's energy security, improving the energy structure and relieving energy pressure. In the process of shale gas exploitation, heat-assisted development is an effective method to accelerate shale gas desorption, which can increase shale gas production and shorten the production cycle. Under the action of heat-assisted high temperature, shale thermophysics, permeability and pore structure change significantly. Through basic research such as shale thermophysical experiments, the variation characteristics and correlations of shale macrophysical parameters can be obtained, so as to realize the rapid identification of shale thermal damage state. The occurrence state and flow characteristics of fluids in shale pores are closely related to their pore structure, which directly affects the transmission performance of shale oil and gas. Therefore, it is of practical significance for the exploitation of shale gas to study the high temperature physical property response and thermal damage mechanism of shale thermally assisted development, and to reveal the occurrence state of shale gas under high temperature conditions.

Taking the Cambrian Niutitang Formation shale and Shuigoukou Formation shale as the research object, based on the shale thermal assisted development mode of heat conduction heating and thermal radiation (microwave) heating, the changes of thermophysical properties, pore structure characteristics, permeability and mechanical parameters of shale under high temperature are studied by comprehensively using the methods of indoor test and theoretical analysis. The thermoacoustic emission characteristics of shale under the action of real-time high temperature were analyzed, and the physical property response characteristics of shale heat conduction-assisted development and the response characteristics of microwave heat-assisted development were studied. Combined with the micro-macro response characteristics, the high temperature thermal damage mechanism of shale was revealed. The research results and conclusions are as follows:

(1) Based on the thermoacoustic emission technology, the thermoacoustic emission characteristics and crack evolution of shale in the Niutitang Formation under different heating rates were studied, the thermal fatigue sensitivity of the Kaiser effect of the shale was revealed, and the thermal damage threshold temperature of shale is identified. The results show that tensile cracks and shear cracks develop together during the heating process of shale, but tensile cracks account for the main body. Near 300℃, the proportion of shear cracks begins to increase, and the increase of heating rate is conducive to the development of large-scale tensile cracks; The threshold temperature of thermal Kaiser effect of Niutitang shale is about 180℃, and the effect of heating rate on the threshold temperature is not significant; When the heating temperature is lower than 300°C, the shale still maintains the memory of the threshold temperature. When the heating temperature exceeds 300°C, the expansion of inorganic minerals and the pyrolysis of organic matter interfere with the thermal Kaiser effect, so that the shale loses the memory of the highest temperature.

(2) Through the physical and mechanical tests of shale under heat conduction heating, the physical parameters, pore structure characteristics and permeability variation of Niutitang Formation shale were studied, and the temperature response characteristics of shale strength were analyzed. The results show that 300~450℃ is the threshold temperature for the change of physical properties of Niutitang Formation shale. In this temperature range, in addition to the large decrease in wave speed and capacitance, the chromaticity, hardness, gloss and impedance all increase greatly with the increase of temperature; When the heating temperature is lower than 300°C, the porosity and permeability do not change much, and when the heating temperature exceeds 300°C, the porosity and permeability increase significantly. The pore types of shale samples treated at different temperatures are divided into small holes (r<0.01 μm), middle hole (0.01 μm0.1 μm). After 300℃, the uniformity of pores gradually increases, and some small pores transform to mesopores; Low heating rate is conducive to the pyrolysis of organic matter, resulting in a significant reduction in the tensile strength of shale. As the heating rate increases, the shale is heated unevenly, which leads to the increase of tensile strength. When the heating rate continues to increase, the development of large-scale cracks in shale leads to the decrease of tensile strength again.

(3) Based on the influencing factors of microwave thermal effect of shale, the thermal damage mechanism of shale under microwave was revealed, the microwave response of the fracture toughness of shale in the Shuigoukou Formation was studied, and the failure mode of shale with different bedding angles was clarified. The results show that moisture, dielectric constant and mineral composition are the main factors affecting the microwave thermal effect of shale. Under the action of microwave, there is a temperature threshold for the fracture toughness of shale at different bedding angles. For Crack-splitter type, Crack-arrester type and Crack-divider type shale, the threshold temperature is 50℃, 125℃ and 200℃, respectively; The fracture toughness of Crack-divider type, Crack-arrester type and Crack-splitter type shale decreases in turn, and decreases gradually with the increase of microwave irradiation time, and the difference of fracture toughness of shale with different bedding angles is caused by the crack propagation mechanism during loading.

(4) Combined with the micro-macro response characteristics, the microstructure changes and pyrolysis mechanism of shale after high temperature were analyzed, and the high temperature damage mechanism of the shale was revealed. The results show that after high temperature, the shale structure is thermally damaged, resulting in an increase in the number and size of pores and an increase in microcracks; Pyrolysis of organic matter and decomposition of inorganic minerals are the main causes of thermal damage to shale. Under the action of high temperature, the organic matter on the shale surface is pyrolyzed, and pores and fissures are exposed. Oxygen enters the shale along these pores and fractures. With the continuous pyrolysis of internal organic matter, more pores and cracks are produced; At a faster heating rate, the pore pressure and thermal stress in the shale increase significantly in a short time, and the shale is prone to brittle failure.

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