环境友好型钛酸铋钠Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃(NBT)基无铅压电陶瓷具有优异的介电压电性能以及良好的机电耦合性能。通过调控材料的晶粒尺度和形态结构，提升材料性能并拓展其应用领域，是功能材料研发应用的主要方法。压电陶瓷多孔化有助于降低声阻抗、调制压电谐响应，提升力电耦合转化特性，有望拓展多孔压电陶瓷在水声换能器等力电耦合器件中的应用。本论文优选造孔剂制备0.94Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃-0.06BaTiO₃(NBT-BT)多孔陶瓷材料，探索多孔结构对其微结构及介电、压电性能的影响规律。

      首先，本论文优选花粉、糊精为造孔剂分别制备出微纳孔结构特征的NBT-BT多孔陶瓷。以花粉为造孔剂制备了具有长球形孔结构的多孔陶瓷，孔隙率在10.3～43.6%之间。以糊精为造孔剂制备了具有椭球形孔结构的多孔陶瓷，孔隙率在5.4～13.3%之间。相比于椭球形气孔结构，长球形孔结构对NBT-BT多孔压电陶瓷的性能影响更为显著，介电常数和压电系数显著降低，声学性能显著改善，多孔陶瓷的静水压优值更大，声阻抗更小。

       其次，优选稀土元素Sm作为掺杂剂，采用固相反应法制备了多孔[Sm_x(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_1-3x/2]_0.94Ba_0.06TiO₃ (BNBT6-xSm)压电陶瓷。研究Sm掺杂对NBT-BT压电陶瓷晶粒尺寸、介电性能、压电性能以及谐响应特性的影响。研究发现适量的Sm掺杂可以降低NBT-BT陶瓷的矫顽场，提高剩余极化强度、场致应变和压电常数，增加铁电弛豫行为的程度。利用多孔BNBT6-xSm压电陶瓷设计优化薄圆片振子几何构型(厚度h=0.6 mm，直径d=13.2～14.1 mm)，可激发出垂直于激发电场的长度伸缩振动模态(LE模)，可用于复杂振动环境下压电谐振器件主体材料。

       最后，通过海藻酸钠离子凝胶法制备直通孔NBT-BT压电陶瓷，研究直通孔结构对其压电性能及压电谐响应特性的影响。为进一步预测多孔材料及其器件的力电参数，探究在耦合过程中的基本谐振特性，基于有限元法进行压电振子的几何建模与振动模态优化分析。压电参数测量结果与模型预测结果基本一致，可对该体系材料的宏观性能进一步优化、预测与评价，为多孔无铅压电陶瓷在力电耦合器件等领域的应用开发提供指导。

     Environmentl-friendly Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃ (NBT)-based ceramics have excellent dielectric, piezoelectric properties and good electromechanical coupling properties. It is the main method for the development and application of functional materials to improve material properties and expand its application fields by regulating the grain size and morphology of materials. Porous piezoelectric ceramics help to reduce the acoustic impedance, modulate the piezoelectric harmonic response, and improve the electro-mechanical coupling conversion characteristics. It is expected to expand the application of porous piezoelectric ceramics in electro-mechanical coupling devices such as underwater acoustic transducers. In this paper, 0.94Na_0.5Bi_0.5TiO₃-0.06BaTiO₃(NBT-BT) porous ceramics were prepared by pore-forming agent, and the effects of porous structure on microstructure, dielectric and piezoelectric properties were investigated.

     Firstly, pollen and dextrin were selected as pore-forming agents to prepare NBT-BT porous ceramics with micro-nano porous structure characteristics in this paper. Porous ceramics with long spherical pore structure were prepared by using pollen as pore-forming agent with porosity of 10.3~43.6%. Porous ceramics with ellipsoidal pore structure were prepared with dextrin as pore-forming agent, and the porosity was 5.4~13.3%. The effect of long spherical pore structure on the properties of NBT-BT porous piezoelectric ceramics is more obvious than that of ellipsoidal pore structure. The dielectric constant and piezoelectric coefficient are significantly reduced, and the acoustic performance is significantly improved. The hydrostatic optimal value of porous ceramics is larger, and the acoustic impedance is smaller.

     Secondly, rare earth Sm was selected as dopant and porous [Sm_x(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)_1-3x/2]_0.94Ba_0.06TiO₃ (BNBT6-xSm) piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by solid-state reaction method. The effects of Sm doping on the grain size, dielectric and piezoelectric properties and harmonic response characteristics of NBT-BT piezoelectric ceramics were studied. It is found that appropriate Sm³⁺ doping can reduce the coercive field of NBT-BT ceramics, increase the residual polarization strength, field-induced strain and piezoelectric constant, and increase the degree of ferroelectric relaxation behavior. The geometrical configuration (thickness h=0.6 mm, diameter d=13.2~14.1 mm) of the thin circular resonator is optimized by using porous BNBT6-xSm piezoelectric ceramics, which can excite the length stretching vibration mode (LE mode) perpendicular to the excitation electric field and can be used as the main material of piezoelectric resonant devices in complex vibration environment.

     Finally, the direct-hole NBT-BT piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by sodium alginate ion gel method, and the influence of the direct-hole structure on the piezoelectric properties and piezoelectric harmonic response characteristics was studied. In order to further predict the mechanical and electrical parameters of porous materials and devices and explore the basic resonance characteristics in the coupling process, the geometric modeling and vibration modal optimization analysis of piezoelectric vibrator are carried out based on finite element method. The measurement results of piezoelectric parameters are basically consistent with the prediction results of the model, which can further optimize, predict and evaluate the macroscopic properties of the system materials, and provide guidance for the application and development of porous lead-free piezoelectric ceramics in the fields of electro-mechanical coupling devices.

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