由于地下煤层采动形成地表裂隙及煤炭自身氧化属性，地下煤层或暴露地层表面煤层易出现不同程度的煤自燃现象，并逐渐发展成不可控的地下煤火，造成煤炭资源大量损失及环境污染。现有煤火治理手段主要以打钻注水/浆（胶）降温、隔氧和惰化为主，但地下煤火热源点多、面广，热能储量大，且隐蔽性强，短期的地面工程无法确保彻底治理，因此，本论文以地下煤火移热降温为目标，针对热虹吸器作用地下煤火的能量转移过程，从弯曲井身-纳米流体协同强化热虹吸器传热特性、非均匀热源弯曲热虹吸器内部相变传热机理及其与非均匀热源复合传热规律等方面出发，开展地下煤火热虹吸器能量转移机制及强化传热研究，为寻求长期高效的地下煤火移热降温方法提供理论基础及依据。取得了以下主要成果：

通过搭建的均匀热源热虹吸器传热特性实验系统，研究了不同弯曲角度、输入功率下热虹吸器热阻、等效对流换热系数和传热效率等变化规律，探讨弯曲井身结构对热虹吸器的强化传热效果。发现相同埋深条件下弯曲角度的改变显著影响热虹吸器传热性能。当弯曲角度低于30°时，随着弯曲角度的增大，弯曲热虹吸器总热阻逐渐减小，而其等效对流换热系数和传热效率均增大；当弯曲角度高于30°时，弯曲热虹吸器总热阻增加，其等效对流换热系数和传热效率均减小，较大的弯曲角度对热虹吸器传热性能表现出阻碍作用。即弯曲角度为30°的热虹吸器传热性能最佳，与竖直热虹吸器相比，其总热阻减小了32.1%，等效对流换热系数和传热效率分别增加了37.89%和21.45%。

通过搭建的地下煤火移热降温实验系统，研究不同实验工况下最佳弯曲角度的热虹吸器对煤堆温度场的作用效果，得出热虹吸器的散热量和移热效率。随着充液率的增加，工质为纯水的弯曲热虹吸器对煤堆的降温幅度及其散热量和移热效率先增加后减小。此外，随着纳米流体质量分数的增加，弯曲热虹吸器对煤堆的散热量及其移热效率先增加后减小，且CuO-水纳米流体对弯曲热虹吸器的强化传热效果高于TiO₂-水纳米流体，即当热源温度低于200 ℃时，最佳因素组合为30%充液率和2 wt.% CuO-水纳米流体；当热源温度为300 ℃时，最佳因素组合为40%充液率和2 wt.% CuO-水纳米流体。相比于相同充液率下应用纯水的弯曲热虹吸器，不同热源温度下2 wt.% CuO-水纳米流体弯曲热虹吸器散热量分别增加了13.18%、15.72%、15.84%和17.53%。

根据建立的弯曲热虹吸器内部相变传热数值计算模型，模拟出非均匀热源作用下弯曲热虹吸器蒸发段内汽泡的形成、成长、合并和脱离及液膜流动过程。发现不同热源温度、充液率及工质种类下弯曲热虹吸器蒸发段内部两相流型均类似，即蒸发段中上部以弹状流和搅拌流为主，其下部主要为泡状流，但各因素的变化对弯曲热虹吸器的传热影响不同。充液率的增加使得相同热源温度下弯曲热虹吸器蒸发段内汽泡数量增多，但较大的充液率导致液池内含气率过大，易在内壁面形成液塞，削弱弯曲热虹吸器传热性能；此外，相比于应用纯水的弯曲热虹吸器，2 wt.% CuO-水纳米流体的加入使得蒸发段液池内产生的汽泡相对增多，且较高温度下在冷凝段处形成连续液膜的时间缩短，蒸发-冷凝循环加快。热源温度为100 ℃、150 ℃、200 ℃和300 ℃时，相同充液率的2 wt.% CuO-水纳米流体弯曲热虹吸器等效导热系数分别增加了29.07%、36.57%、19.76%和25.80%，并得出了等效导热系数关联式。

应用最佳因素组合下的弯曲热虹吸器的等效导热系数关联式，构建出地下煤火-弯曲热虹吸器复合传热模型，掌握不同布置方式及布置间距的弯曲热虹吸器作用下传热模型最小单元体的温度场变化规律。发现正方形布置方式下弯曲热虹吸器降温效果明显。弯曲热虹吸器所处位置均出现较为密集的等温线，且随着弯曲热虹吸器作用时间增加，等温线逐渐向外扩散，在弯曲热虹吸器处各等温线均向下凹陷。同时，单元体平均温度变化与弯曲热虹吸器布置间距成反比，并得出了弯曲热虹吸器布置间距与其等效导热系数及煤比热容、煤堆温差等因素之间关联式。另外，研究了工业试验现场弯曲热虹吸器作用于地下煤火的温度场变化特征及降温幅度。发现试验期内地下煤火温度下降明显，其局部最高降温136.4 ℃，降温率为37.86%。

基于本文研究成果，可掌握弯曲井身-纳米流体工质热虹吸器协同强化地下煤火的降温能力，确定出地下煤火弯曲热虹吸器布置关键参数，相关结果可为煤火防治方法的研究提供有益补充。

Due to the formation of surface cracks triggered by underground coal seam mining and the oxidizing property of coal itself, coal spontaneous combustion of varying degrees easily occurs on underground coal seams or the surface of exposed strata, and it gradually develops into an uncontrollable underground coal fire, resulting in abundant waste of coal resources and environmental pollution. The existing coal fire control methods mainly include drilling water injection/slurry (glue) cooling, oxygen isolation, and inserting, but underground coal fire has many high temperature points, wide range, large heat reserves, and strong concealment. The short-term ground engineering can not ensure complete treatment. Therefore, this paper aims at heat transfer and cooling of underground coal fire, and energy transfer process of thermosyphon acting on underground coal fire, starting from the aspects of the heat transfer characteristics of the thermosyphon synergistically enhanced by curved wellbore and nanofluid, the internal phase change heat transfer mechanism of the curved thermosyphon under non-uniform heat sources, and its composite heat transfer law with non-uniform heat source, the energy transfer mechanism and enhanced heat transfer of thermosyphon acting on underground coal fires is researched. It provides a theoretical basis for seeking a long-term and efficient method of heat transfer and cooling for underground coal fires, and achieved the following main results:

The experimental system of heat transfer characteristics for the thermosyphon under uniform heat source is constructed, the changes of thermal resistance, equivalent convective heat transfer coefficient, and heat transfer efficiency of thermosyphon under different curved angles and heating powers are investigated, and the effect of the curved wellbore structure on the heat transfer enhancement of the thermosyphon is explored. It is found that under the same condition of buried depth, the change of the curved angle prominently affects the heat transfer performance of the thermosyphon. When the curved angle is lower than 30°, the total thermal resistance of the curved thermosyphon gradually reduces, while its equivalent convective heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer efficiency increase. When the curved angle exceeds 30°, the total thermal resistance of the curved thermosyphon enlarges, its equivalent convective heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer efficiency reduce, and a larger curved angle shows an inhibiting effect on its heat transfer performance. The heat transfer performance of a thermosyphon with a curved angle of 30° is the optimum. Compared with the performance of vertical thermosyphon, its total thermal resistance reduced by 32.1%, and equivalent convective heat transfer coefficient and heat transfer efficiency increased by 37.89% and 21.45%, respectively.

The experimental system of heat transfer and cooling of underground coal fire is built, the effect of the thermosyphon with the optimal curved angle on the temperature field of coal pile under different working conditions was investigated, and its heat dissipation and heat transfer efficiency are obtained. With an increase in the filling ratios, the cooling amplitude of coal pile and the heat dissipation and the heat transfer efficiency of the curved thermosyphon with pure water as the working medium firstly increase and then decrease. In addition, with an increase in the mass fraction of nanofluid, the heat dissipation and the heat transfer efficiency of the curved thermosyphon on the coal pile firstly increased and then decreased, and the enhanced heat transfer effect of CuO-water nanofluid on the curved thermosyphon was higher than that of TiO₂-water nanofluid. When the heat source temperatures are lower than 200 °C, the best combination of factors is filling ratios for 30% and 2 wt. % CuO-water nanofluid. When the heat source temperature is 300 °C, the best combination of factors is filling ratios for 40% and 2 wt. % CuO-water nanofluid. Compared with the curved thermosyphon applying pure water under same filling ratios, the heat dissipation of the curved thermosyphon filled with 2 wt.% CuO-water nanofluid increased by 13.18%, 15.72%, 15.84%, and 17.53%, respectively.

According to the established numerical model of phase change heat transfer inside the curved thermosyphon, the formation, growth, merging and detachment of vapour bubbles and liquid film flow processes inside the evaporation section of the curved thermosyphon are simulated under non-uniform heat source. It is found that the two-phase flow patterns in the evaporation section of the curved thermosyphon are similar under different heat source temperatures, filling ratios and working fluids are similar. The slug flow and stirring flow are dominant in the middle and upper part of the evaporation section, and the lower part is mainly the bubble flow, but the changes of various factors have different impacted on the heat transfer of the curved thermosyphon. At the same temperature of the heat source, the growth of the filling ratios increases the number of bubbles inside the evaporation section of the curved thermosyphon. However, the larger filling ratio leads to a large gas content in the liquid pool, it easily forms liquid plugs on the inner wall surface, leading to weaken its heat transfer performance. Moreover, compared with the performance of curved thermosyphon filling with pure water, the addition of the 2 wt.% CuO-water nanofluid results in the relative increase of the bubbles inside the liquid pool of the evaporation section, and the formation time of continuous liquid film in the condensation section shortens at the higher temperatures. The formation time of a continuous liquid film is shortened at higher temperatures, and the evaporation-condensation cycle is accelerated. When heat resources are 100, 150, 200, and 300 ℃, under the same filling ratios, the effective thermal conductivity of the curved thermosyphon filling with 2 wt.% CuO-water nanofluid increase by 29.07%、36.57%、19.76% and 25.80%. Moreover, the correlation of equivalent thermal conductivity is obtained.

By applying the correlation of equivalent thermal conductivity for curved thermosyphon under the optimal combination factors, the compound heat transfer model of underground coal fire and curved thermosyphon is constructed, and the tendency of temperature field for minimum unit of heat transfer model under the action of the curved thermosyphon with different arrangement mode and spacing is grasped. It is found that the curved thermosyphon with square shape has a significant cooling effect. The position of the curved thermosyphon appears denser isotherms. With the increase of the action time of the curved thermosyphon, the isotherms gradually diffuse outward, and all isotherms at the curved thermosyphon are concave downwards. Meanwhile, with the increase of arrangement spacing, the average temperature change of the unit body is inversely proportional to the arrangement spacing of the curved thermosyphon. The correlation between the layout spacing of the curved thermosyphon and its equivalent thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity of coal, temperature difference of coal pile, and other factors is obtained. Moreover, the variation characteristics of temperature field and cooling amplitude for underground coal fires under the action of curved thermosyphons in industrial testing site are explored. It is found that during the experimental period, there is a significant decrease in underground coal fire temperature, and its maximum temperature reduction and cooling rate at its local location are 136.4 ℃ and 37.86%, respectively.

Based upon the research results, we can grasp the cooling ability of the thermosyphon synergistically enhanced by curved wellbore and nanofluid on underground coal fire, and determine key layout parameters of the curved thermosyphon. The relevant results can provide a useful supplement for the study of prevention and control methods for coal fire.

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