改革开放以来，我国进入快速城市化阶段，城市人口不断增加，城市建设用地大面积扩张，由此产生的城市生态环境问题如城市热岛效应（Urban Heat Island，UHI）已成为国内外学者关注的热点议题。本研究以西安市为研究区，基于2003－2022年1 km分辨率的MYD11A2地表温度数据、2019－2022年70 m分辨率的ECOSTRESS数据集、2020年5－10月Landsat5/7/8数据、2020年西安市建筑轮廓数据等，采用相关性分析、趋势分析以及地理加权回归模型等方法，从西安市域和主城区分别分析了热环境变化特征及影响因素，并对主城区城市热环境开展控制分区，以期为城市规划与管理提供科学决策依据。研究结论如下：

（1）2003－2022年西安市市域地表温度均值在20.23 ℃－23.57 ℃之间，并呈显著上升趋势，增加速率为0.08 ℃/a，其中2016－2022年增加速率最快，达0.35 ℃/a。西安市市域城市热岛效应区域面积显著增加，占比由2003年的4.72%增至2022年的29.77%。不透水面面积的显著增加是导致地表温度升高的主因。此外，西安市市域地表温度与归一化植被指数（Normalized Vegetation Index，NDVI）、降水以负相关关系为主。

（2）西安市主城区范围内，紧凑型建筑类型（LCZ1－3）在主城区总面积占比为14.27%，开敞型建筑类型（LCZ4－6）在主城区总面积占比为12.29%，大型低层硬地面（LCZ7）在主城区总面积占比为41.72%，植被（LCZA）和水体（LCZB）分别在主城区总面积占比为30.82%和0.91%。各局地气候区内，紧凑型低层（LCZ3）局地气候区昼夜循环过程中地表温度变化最大，温差达28.12 ℃。日间，紧凑型低层（LCZ3）局地气候区地表温度最高，水体（LCZA）地表温度最低；夜间，水体（LCZA）地表温度最高，植被（LCZB）地表温度最低。紧凑型建筑类型（LCZ1－3）地表温度高于开敞型建筑类型（LCZ4－6），且日间地表温度表现为紧凑型高层（LCZ1）<紧凑型中层（LCZ2）<紧凑型低层（LCZ3），夜间反之。

（3）基于ECOTRESS数据分析结果显示，西安市主城区所有局地气候区内地表温度与NDVI呈显著负相关，与人口分布和夜间灯光覆盖范围呈显著正相关。在地表温度与建筑形态关系方面，地表温度与建筑高度呈负相关，建筑高度每升高1 m，地表温度降低0.031 ℃，且建筑高度超过90 m后，地表温度下降速率更快，为0.084 ℃/m；地表温度与建筑密度呈正相关，建筑密度每增加10%，地表温度升高0.61 ℃；地表温度与天空开阔度呈负相关，天空开阔度每增加0.1，地表温度降低0.34 ℃。此外，将西安市主城区内城市一环内的建筑类型（LCZ1－7）和主城区内紧凑型（LCZ1－3）局地气候区划分为重点控制区，将开敞型（LCZ4－7）局地气候区划分为一般控制区，植被（LCZA）和水体（LCZB）划分为冷源重点保护区。

研究认为通过优化土地利用布局并限制不透水面的增加，加强城市绿化建设以及在城市规划中合理安排建筑高度与密度、优化城市三维结构，建设城市通风廊道的等措施，可以有效缓解城市热环境，促进城市可持续发展。

Since the reform and opening up, China has entered a stage of rapid urbanization, with a continuously increasing urban population and a large-scale expansion of urban construction land. As a result, urban ecological and environmental issues such as the urban heat island effect (Urban Heat Island, UHI) have become a hot topic of concern for scholars both at home and abroad. This study takes Xi'an as the research area, and utilizes various datasets including MYD11A2 surface temperature data with a resolution of 1 km from 2003 to 2022, ECOSTRESS dataset with a resolution of 70 m from 2019 to 2022, Landsat 5/7/8 data from May to October 2020, and building outline data of Xi'an in 2020. By employing methods such as correlation analysis, trend analysis, and geographically weighted regression models, this study analyzes the characteristics and influencing factors of thermal environmental changes in Xi'an's urban area and main urban district separately. Furthermore, it conducts a control zoning for the urban thermal environment in the main urban district, aiming to provide scientific decision-making support for urban planning and management. The research conclusions are as follows:

(1)From 2003 to 2022, Xi'an's average. surface temperature ranged 20.23-23.57℃, showing a significant upward trend with an increase rate of 0.08 ℃/a. Notably, the increase rate was the fastest from 2016 to 2022, reaching 0.35 ℃/a. The area affected by the urban heat island effect in Xi'an increased significantly, with the proportion rising from 4.72% in 2003 to 29.77% in 2022. The significant increase in impervious surface area is the primary factor driving the rise in surface temperature. Additionally, the surface temperature in Xi'an's urban area primarily exhibits a negative correlation with the Normalized Vegetation Index and precipitation.

(2)Within the main urban district of Xi'an, compact building types (LCZ1-3) account for 14.27% of the total area, while open building types (LCZ4-6) account for 12.29%. Large low-rise hard surfaces (LCZ7) occupy 41.72% of the total area, while vegetation (LCZA) and water bodies (LCZB) account for 30.82% and 0.91% respectively. Among the various local climate zones, the compact low-rise (LCZ3) zone experiences the largest diurnal variation in surface temperature, with a temperature difference of up to 28.12 ℃. During the daytime, the surface temperature in the compact low-rise (LCZ3) zone is the highest, while it is the lowest in the water body (LCZA) zone. Conversely, at night, the surface temperature in the water body (LCZA) zone is the highest, while it is the lowest in the vegetation (LCZB) zone. The surface temperature of compact building types (LCZ1-3) is higher than that of open building types (LCZ4-6). Specifically, during the daytime, the surface temperature follows the pattern of compact high-rise (LCZ1) < compact mid-rise (LCZ2) < compact low-rise (LCZ3), while the order is reversed at night.

(3) Based on the analysis of ECOSTRESS data, the results indicate that within all local climate zones in the main urban district of Xi'an, surface temperature exhibits a significant negative correlation with NDVI and a significant positive correlation with population distribution and the coverage of nighttime lighting. Regarding the relationship between surface temperature and building morphology, surface temperature is negatively correlated with building height. For every 1-meter increase in building height, the surface temperature decreases by 0.031 ℃. Notably, when the building height exceeds 90 meters, the rate of decrease in surface temperature is faster, reaching 0.084 ℃/m. On the other hand, surface temperature is positively correlated with building density, with a 0.61℃ increase in surface temperature for every 10% increase in building density. Furthermore, surface temperature is negatively correlated with sky view factor, with a decrease of 0.34 ℃ in surface temperature for every 0.1 increase in sky view factor. Additionally, the building types (LCZ1-7) within the first ring road of Xi'an's main urban district and the compact (LCZ1-3) local climate zones are designated as key control areas. Open (LCZ4-7) local climate zones are classified as general control areas, while vegetation (LCZA) and water bodies (LCZB) are designated as key protected areas for cooling sources.

The study suggests that optimizing land use layout, limiting the expansion of impervious surfaces, enhancing urban greening, rationally arranging building heights and densities in urban planning, optimizing the three-dimensional structure of cities, and constructing urban ventilation corridors can effectively mitigate the urban heat environment and promote sustainable urban development.

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