对于高寒区隧道而言，反复冻融作用下的“天然薄弱带”+“冻胀启裂”问题将叠加劣化喷射混凝土-围岩支护体系结构，造成极为严重的工程问题。基于此，本文以喷射混凝土-围岩增粘抗冻界面剂为研究对象，通过对国内外喷射混凝土-围岩界面过渡区（ITZ）优化技术的研究成果归纳凝练，开展界面剂的筛选及试配工作，利用宏观力学、二值化、三维形貌扫描、混凝土抗渗试验等技术，观察冻融循环作用下界面剂对二元体界面力学、断口形貌特征、耐久性的影响，运用纳米压痕技术探究界面剂作用下ITZ空间分布的特点，并结合体视显微镜、扫描电镜（SEM）、核磁共振（NMR）、X射线衍射（XRD）等试验手段，剖析界面剂对ITZ微观结构特征的影响，进而开展界面剂增粘、抗冻行为机理初探。研究成果将较大改善高寒区隧道喷射混凝土-围岩支护体系的服役周期，为后期二元体增粘、抗冻优化研究提供新思路。具体研究成果如下：

（1）经大量试验比对，优选出界面剂最佳配合比设计为：水泥（10）+水（4）+丙烯酸钙（1.5%）+竹材液化粘结剂（4%）+丙烯酸酯复膜胶（8%）+ICA（2%），该界面剂具备良好的增粘、抗冻功能，在常温条件下，界面剂预处理试样剪切峰值相较普通二元体提升1.56MPa；在冻融循环作用下，其剪切峰值相较普通二元体最高可提升了1.64MPa，且随冻融循环加剧，界面剂预处理试样的宏观力学劣化率越低。这表明界面剂在常温下发挥增粘功能的同时，在冻融循环作用下同样具备良好的抗冻优势，同时其亦具备良好的抗渗性能，可有效提升喷射混凝土体系的耐久性。

（2）喷射混凝土-砂岩试样断裂后，混凝土断面一侧粘附不等量砂岩，且断口形貌特征呈现一定的规律。随着冻融循环作用的加剧，二元体断口砂岩粘附面积相应增多，断口形貌愈发起伏，具体而言，温度区间为-20℃~20℃时，冻融循环20次的界面剂预处理试样砂岩粘附量相较无界面剂试样增加8.27%，分形维数增加了0.0056。这是由于在冻融初期砂岩损伤较小，导致外力作用下沿着界面部位脱粘，所产生的断口更加平滑；当经历了一定冻融循环作用后，由于砂岩劣化程度相较ITZ更高，因此砂岩侧孔隙贯通程度更为严重，导致更多裂隙在外力作用下向着砂岩端偏转，造成砂岩大面积剥离，断口愈发起伏不平。因此，界面剂的使用可有效控制冻融劣化效应，在相同冻融循环作用下表现出砂岩粘附面积及起伏程度更大的特点。

（3）ITZ的裂隙扩展可直接影响界面力学，造成ITZ强度薄弱的特征。反复冻融作用促进ITZ裂隙发育，且随着冻融的加剧，ITZ裂隙率增幅也将越大。在相同冻融循环作用下，界面剂预处理试样相较于无界面剂试样ITZ的裂隙率更小，且随着冻融温度降低及冻融次数越大，裂隙率的涨幅也相应减少，具体而言，温度区间为-20℃~20℃时，不同冻融循环次数（N=0、N=5、N=10、N=20、N=30）下界面剂预处理试样裂隙率相较无界面剂试样依次降低0.043%、0.547%、1.274%、2.192%、3.29%。界面剂的使用可增大冻胀力作用下孔隙贯通的阈值，进而有效改善裂隙扩展现象，降低同等冻融条件下裂隙扩展的规模。

（4）反复冻融作用对ITZ的微观结构及力学性能有显著劣化影响，主要结论包括：①ITZ中孔隙内部的蓄水在冻融作用下相变产生冻胀力，促进了孔隙的扩展，在此过程中萌生了更多的有害孔；②冻融循环导致ITZ强度损伤程度加剧，该区段的弹性模量与硬度值逐渐减小，且变化规律具有高度一致性；③冻融循环加剧将导致ITZ拓宽程度愈发显著。而界面剂的使用能够有效优化ITZ的孔隙结构，降低冻融循环对ITZ微观力学及空间分布的影响，有效减弱冻融循环对ITZ的劣化损伤。

（5）在ITZ空间内，越靠近砂岩端的区域水化产物结构越差，而界面剂的使用可有效改善该问题，其作用机理如下：①ICA极大的削弱了氢氧化钙（CH）取向对于ITZ微观力学的负面影响；②HTNS颗粒在砂岩表面可形成致密的硅羟基层，强化ITZ的孔栓封堵，增加物理咬合作用；③丙烯酸钙可在砂岩表面构造网络结构，并与水泥形成有效搭接；④竹材液化胶粘剂与丙烯酸酯复膜胶可在ITZ形成硅凝胶簇层，降低冻融循环对界面粘结强度的劣化效应。

For tunnels in alpine regions, the problem of ' natural weak zone ' + ' frost heave cracking ' under repeated freeze-thaw action will superimpose and deteriorate the shotcrete-surrounding rock support system structure, causing extremely serious engineering problems. Based on this, this paper takes the shotcrete-surrounding rock tackifying and frost-resistant interfacial agent as the research object. By summarizing the research results of the optimization technology of shotcrete-surrounding rock interface transition zone ( ITZ ) at home and abroad, the screening and trial matching of interfacial agents are carried out. The effects of interfacial agents on the interfacial mechanics, fracture morphology and durability of binary bodies under freeze-thaw cycles are observed by means of macroscopic mechanics, binarization, three-dimensional morphology scanning, concrete impermeability test and other techniques. The characteristics of ITZ spatial distribution under the action of interfacial agents are explored by nanoindentation technology. Combined with stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope ( SEM ), nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ), X-ray diffraction ( XRD ) and other test methods, the influence of interfacial agent on the microstructure characteristics of ITZ was analyzed, and the mechanism of interfacial agent thickening and frost resistance was preliminarily explored. The research results will greatly improve the service cycle of the shotcrete-surrounding rock support system of the tunnel in the alpine region, and provide new ideas for the later research on the viscosity and frost resistance optimization of the binary body. The specific research results are as follows :

(1) Through a large number of experimental comparisons, the optimal mix ratio of the interface agent was selected as : cement ( 10 ) + water ( 4 ) + calcium acrylate ( 1.5 % ) + bamboo liquefaction binder ( 4 % ) + acrylate laminating adhesive ( 8 % ) + ICA ( 2 % ). The interface agent has good adhesion and frost resistance. Under normal temperature conditions, the shear peak of the interface agent pretreated sample is 1.56 MPa higher than that of the ordinary binary. Under the action of freeze-thaw cycles, the shear peak can be increased by up to 1.64 MPa compared with the ordinary binary, and with the aggravation of freeze-thaw cycles, the macroscopic mechanical degradation rate of the interface agent pretreated sample is lower. This shows that the interfacial agent plays a role in increasing viscosity at room temperature, and also has good frost resistance under freeze-thaw cycles. At the same time, it also has good impermeability, which can effectively improve the durability of shotcrete system.

(2) After the fracture of the shotcrete-sandstone specimen, unequal amount of sandstone is adhered to one side of the concrete section, and the fracture morphology characteristics show certain rules. With the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, the adhesion area of sandstone in the binary fracture increases correspondingly, and the fracture morphology becomes more and more undulating. Specifically, when the temperature range is-20 °C ~ 20 °C, the amount of sandstone adhesion of the interface agent pretreated sample after 20 freeze-thaw cycles is 8.27 % higher than that of the non-interface agent sample, and the fractal dimension increases by 0.0056. This is due to the small damage of sandstone in the early stage of freeze-thaw, resulting in debonding along the interface under the action of external force, and the resulting fracture is smoother. After a certain freeze-thaw cycle, due to the higher degree of deterioration of sandstone than ITZ, the degree of pore penetration on the side of sandstone is more serious, resulting in more cracks deflecting towards the end of sandstone under the action of external force, resulting in large-scale stripping of sandstone and increasingly uneven fracture. Therefore, the use of interfacial agent can effectively control the freeze-thaw deterioration effect, and the sandstone adhesion area and fluctuation degree are larger under the same freeze-thaw cycle.

(3) The crack propagation of ITZ can directly affect the interface mechanics, resulting in the weak strength of ITZ. Repeated freeze-thaw action promotes the development of ITZ cracks, and with the aggravation of freeze-thaw, the increase of ITZ crack rate will be greater. Under the same freeze-thaw cycle, the crack rate of the ITZ of the interface agent pretreated sample is smaller than that of the ITZ without the interface agent, and the increase of the crack rate decreases with the decrease of the freeze-thaw temperature and the increase of the number of freeze-thaw cycles. Specifically, when the temperature range is-20 °C ~ 20 °C, the crack rate of the interface agent pretreated sample under different freeze-thaw cycles ( N = 0, N = 5, N = 10, N = 20, N = 30 ) is 0.043 %, 0.547 %, 1.274 %, 2.192 %, 3.29 % lower than that of the ITZ without the interface agent. The use of interfacial agent can increase the threshold of pore coalescence under frost heaving force, thus effectively improving the phenomenon of crack propagation and reducing the scale of crack propagation under the same freeze-thaw conditions.

(4) Repeated freeze-thaw action has a significant deterioration effect on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ITZ. The main conclusions include: ① The water storage inside the pores in ITZ produces frost heaving force under the freeze-thaw action, which promotes the expansion of the pores. In the process, more harmful pores are generated; ② Freeze-thaw cycles aggravate the strength damage of ITZ, and the elastic modulus and hardness of ITZ decrease gradually, and the variation law is highly consistent; ③ The aggravation of freeze-thaw cycle will lead to the widening of ITZ. The use of interfacial agent can effectively optimize the pore structure of ITZ, reduce the influence of freeze-thaw cycle on the micromechanics and spatial distribution of ITZ, and effectively reduce the deterioration damage of freeze-thaw cycle to ITZ.

(5) In the ITZ space, the structure of hydration products in the region closer to the sandstone end is worse, and the use of interfacial agents can effectively improve this problem. The mechanism is as follows : ① ICA greatly weakens the negative effect of calcium hydroxide ( CH ) orientation on ITZ micromechanics; ② HTNS particles can form a dense silicon hydroxyl layer on the surface of sandstone, strengthen the plugging of ITZ pore plug and increase the physical occlusion; ③ Calcium acrylate can construct a network structure on the surface of sandstone and form an effective lap with cement; ④ Bamboo liquefaction adhesive and acrylate laminating adhesive can form silica gel cluster layer in ITZ to reduce the deterioration effect of freeze-thaw cycle on interfacial bonding strength.

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