近年来，导电水凝胶因其出色的灵活性、便携性和导电性受到极大的关注，特别是在柔性传感器和电子皮肤等领域展现了巨大的应用潜力。然而，大多数导电水凝胶的组分中含有亲水性基团，在吸收大量水分后会出现体积过度膨胀（即溶胀），这种溶胀现象会损害导电水凝胶的力学性能及导电性能，从而限制其在传感应用中的使用。因此，研发具备抗溶胀性能的导电水凝胶，以拓展其在传感领域的应用范围，具有重要的研究意义。为了解决上述问题，本文通过调控水凝胶的网络交联结构，成功设计出一系列具有抗溶胀性的导电水凝胶，并对其传感性能进行深一步研究。具体研究内容包括：

（1）采用丙烯酸（AA），甲基丙烯酸月桂酯（LMA）及两性离子[2-（甲基丙烯酰基氧基）乙基]二甲基-（3-磺酸丙基）氢氧化铵（SBMA）为主要原料， 通过自由基聚合制备了抗溶胀离子导电水凝胶。由于水凝胶体系中的氢键作用、疏水作用以及静电作用，所制备的AA-LMA-SBMA水凝胶具备良好的抗溶胀性（水中浸泡120 h，溶胀率仅为59.36%）、力学性能（拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别达到158 kPa和176%，在80%压缩应变时的压缩强度达到0.37 MPa）和导电性（0.91 S/m）。随后，进一步研究了水凝胶的传感性能，所得水凝胶具有较高的灵敏度（在0-80%拉伸应变的传感范围，灵敏系数最高可达GF=2.41）、快速的响应时间 （365 ms）和恢复时间（121 ms），并且能够附着在人体的不同部位来监测人体运动信号和生理信号。

（2）采用聚乙烯醇（PVA）为柔性基材，碳纳米管（CNT）为导电填料，通过定向冷冻和盐析的方法，成功制备出强韧抗溶胀的PVA/CNT导电水凝胶。在定向冷冻和盐析的作用下，水凝胶内部形成排列紧密的取向结构，所得水凝胶具有良好的抗溶胀性（在去离子水中浸泡120 h后，溶胀率为92.2%）、导电性（0.20 S/m），以及优异的力学拉伸性能（拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别为4.01 MPa和629%）。水凝胶展现出良好的应变传感性能（200%应变下的灵敏系数GF为2.30）。此外，水凝胶还能够准确地采集人体运动及生理信号，可用于健康监测。这项工作不仅提升了导电水凝胶力学拉伸性能和抗溶胀性，也为其在传感领域应用开辟了新的路径。

（3）以两性离子SBMA和AA的共聚物为第一层网络，PVA通过反复冻融形成第二层网络，制备了PVA/AA-SBMA双网络抗溶胀离子导电水凝胶。通过AA调控两性离子SBMA的平衡状态，使SBMA单体质子化，降低水凝胶的渗透压，水凝胶具有良好的抗溶胀性（水中浸泡120 h后，溶胀率为80%）。此外，该策略还综合提升了水凝胶的力学性能（拉伸强度达到0.43 MPa，断裂伸长率高达320%，在80%压缩应变时的压缩强度为1.01 MPa）和抗疲劳性。在200%-250%的拉伸应变范围内，水凝胶表现出较高的灵敏度（灵敏系数GF=3.74）、快速响应和恢复时间（分别为269 ms和87 ms），可实现水凝胶对水下人体运动和生理信号的监测，拓展了水凝胶在柔性传感领域的应用环境。

In recent years, conductive hydrogels have attracted great attention due to their outstanding flexibility, portability, and comfort, exhibiting tremendous potential in applications such as flexible sensors, electronic skin, and soft robotics. However, most conductive hydrogels contain a large number of hydrophilic groups in their network structure, leading to excessive volume expansion (i.e., swelling) after absorbing a significant amount of water. This swelling phenomenon can impair the mechanical and electrical performance of the conductive hydrogels, severely limiting their potential for applications in flexible sensing. Therefore, the research and development of conductive hydrogels with anti-swelling properties has become the focus of current research to expand the application range of hydrogels in the field of flexible sensing. To address the aforementioned issue, this paper successfully designs conductive hydrogels with anti-swelling properties by adjusting the network structure of the hydrogel, and further studies and discusses its flexible sensing performance. The specific research contents include:

（1）The AA-LMA-SBMA anti-swelling ion-conductive hydrogel was designed using acrylic acid (AA), lauryl methacrylate (LMA), and the zwitterionic ion [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide (SBMA). Due to the presence of hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions within the hydrogel system, the prepared hydrogel exhibits excellent anti-swelling properties (with a swelling ratio of only 59.36% after soaking in water for 120 hours), good mechanical properties (with maximum fracture stress and strain reaching 158 kPa and 176%, respectively, and a compressive strength of 0.37 MPa at 80% compressive strain), and ionic conductivity (0.91 S/m). The further studies on the sensing performance of hydrogel revealed that the AA-LMA-SBMA hydrogel possesses high sensitivity (with a maximum GF value of 2.41 within a sensing range of 0-80%), as well as rapid response (365 ms) and recovery times (121 ms). It can also adhere to different parts of the human body to monitor human motion and physiological signals, indicating the potential of hydrogel for application in flexible wearable devices.

（2）A robust and anti-swelling PVA/CNT conductive hydrogel was prepared through directional freezing and salting-out (sodium citrate solution) processes, using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a flexible substrate and multi-walled carboxylated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as conductive fillers. By the effects of directional freezing and salting out, a closely packed oriented structure was formed inside the hydrogel. The resulting PVA/CNT hydrogel exhibits good swelling resistance (with a swelling ratio of 92.2% after soaking in deionized water for 120 hours), conductivity (0.20 S/m), and excellent mechanical properties (with tensile strength and elongation at break of 4.01 MPa and 629%, respectively). The hydrogel shows good sensing performance under strains of 50%, 100%, and 200% (with a GF value of 2.30 at 200% strain). Additionally, the hydrogel can accurately collect human motion and physiological signals, making it applicable to smart human-machine interaction and health monitoring. This work not only enhances the mechanical properties and swelling resistance of conductive hydrogels, but also paves new paths for their application in the sensing field.

（3）A double network anti-swelling ionic conductive hydrogel was prepared using the copolymer of zwitterion SBMA and AA as the first network, while PVA formed the second network through freeze-thaw cycles. The equilibrium state of the zwitterion was regulated by AA, which protonated the SBMA monomer and reduced the osmotic pressure of the hydrogel, resulting in good anti-swelling properties (swelling rate of 80% after soaking in water for 120 hours). Moreover, this strategy significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the hydrogel (tensile strength of 0.43 MPa, elongation at break of up to 320%, and a compressive strength of 1.01 MPa at 80% compression strain) and fatigue resistance. Within the 200%-250% tensile strain range, the hydrogel exhibited high sensitivity (sensitivity factor GF=3.74), rapid response and recovery times (269 ms and 87 ms, respectively), enabling monitoring of underwater human motion and physiological signals, thereby expanding the application of hydrogels in the flexible sensing domain.

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