正义是人类社会具有永恒意义的基本价值追求和基本行为准则。在某种意义上，可以说，人类对正义的追寻过程就是人类社会由落后到发达、由不合理到合理的无限发展过程。其中，尤以分配正义最为令人关注，无论是在理论上还是在实践中都占有核心地位。在当代中国，这一问题探讨更具有十分重要的现实意义和紧迫性。经过改革开放30年来的努力，我国的经济发展取得了辉煌的成就，但是社会发展却相对滞后，突出地表现为分配领域中的问题已较为严重地引发了诸多不和谐现象，干扰了社会经济的良性运行和协调发展。如何在经济发展的同时，又实现社会的公平和安定，已经成为我们当前必须解决的课题。在此背景下，中共中央提出了关于构建社会主义和谐社会的目标。本文从理论角度对这一问题进行探讨，其目的是希望通过构建一种新的分配正义理论来解决我国当前分配正义问题。 从现实层面看，我国的分配正义问题的出现有着深刻的现实和理论原因，包括我国社会经济转型期的影响，分配政策中个人利益与集体利益的普遍困境，以及分配体制存在问题，这些问题从根本上说是公民有效参与的不足所致。对这一问题的解决，西方的分配正义理论是无能为力的。在西方众多关于分配理论的流派中，影响最大的莫过于自由主义分配正义理论和社群主义分配正义理论，它们通过二十世纪八十年代以来的有关分配正义问题的争论，一举成为当代西方分配正义理论的主流。但是，两者局限和不足也是显而易见的：自由主义的局限主要表现为，个人至上的哲学信条使自由主义分配正义忽视个人的社会性，当个人被从集体和社会中连根拔起时，它不是解决而是加剧了分配正义问题；社群主义的局限主要表现为其共同体的概念过于抽象和狭隘，以至于其分配正义理论一遇到现实就显得那么的苍白和脆弱。因此，无论是自由主义还是社群主义，其分配正义理论都不能成为解决我国现实问题的依据。 针对有效参与不足的问题，本文在坚持马克思主义立场、观点和方法的基础上，提出一种参与分配基础上的分配正义理论。这一理论的提出，既是社会主义和谐社会的必然要求，也是哈贝马斯交往行为理论给我们的启示，更是解决我国当前问题必然要求。 马克思通过对社会不正义的批判和未来社会分配正义的设想构建了自己的分配正义理论，这种建立在唯物主义实践论和辩证法基础上的分配正义理论无疑是真理性的，也是我们必须坚持的。作为一种参与基础上的分配正义理论就是马克思分配正义理论的进一步深化，它的立足点是马克思主义的以人为本和个人利益与集体利益的辩证统一，同时，在理论主张上坚持无先设性理据的原则，以公民为主体的原则，以参与为核心的原则等三个原则。而这一分配正义在我国的实现，要求我们在参与制度和公民建设两个方面加以完善。

Justice is human’s pursuit of the basic values and basic rules of behavior which has eternal significance to human society. In a sense, the process of human’s search for justice is the process of human society’s unlimited development, from backwardness to progress, from unreasonableness to reasonableness. Income distributive justice is an important part of the theory of justice, and an important issue appeared increasingly clear in the modern economic and social development. While to contemporary China, exploring this issue is of great practical significance and urgency, because China has made brilliant achievements in economic development after 30 years’ efforts of reforming and opening up, but social development has lagged behind seriously. How to achieve social equity and stability as well as the economic development have become our problems to be solved at present. Against this, the CPC Central Committee provides the issue of building a socialist harmonious society. It is under this theme, this paper does a theoretical study on this issue, for the purpose of construct a new theory of distributive justice to solve the distributive justice in current China. The real reason of distribution justice problem lies in deep reality and theory from the perceptive of reality in current China, including the influence of current social and economic transformation period, the general mess of individual interest and community interest in distributive policy, and the problems existed in distributive system which led by the shortage of citizen’s participation. To solve this problem, it’s beyond Western distribution justice theory’s power. The most influencing Western distributive justice theory is the liberalism and communitarian’s distribution justice theory at present which have become to the main stream of Western contemporary distribution justice theory through the debates from 1980s. But their shortcomings are also obvious. The limitation of liberalism is that the philosophical credendum of individualism makes it neglect individuals’ sociality. When individuals separated from the community and society, it doesn’t solve but increase the problem of distributive justice theory. The limitation of communitarian’s distribution justice theory is that its concept of community is too abstract and parochial, so that it’s pale and frail when come into reality. Therefore, no matter liberalism or communitarian’s distribution can’t become the theory to solve China’s reality problem. Against the problem of lacking of participation, this paper figures a kind of distribution justice theory based on participation and insisted in Marxism’s standpoint, viewpoint and methods. This theory is the inevitable requirement of harmonious socialist society, as well as the revelation of Habermas' theory of communicative action, and also the necessary requirement to solve the problem in current China. According to the animadversion to social injustice and the assumption of future social distributive justice, Marx constructed his own distribution justice theory, which based on materialist practice and dialectics. It’s doubtless truth which we must insist and should be the basis of distribution justice in current China. As a distribution justice based on participation, it’s the further development of Marxism distribution justice theory. It stands at the people oriented and the dialectical unity of individual interest and community interest of Marxism, that is to say, on the basis of Marxism distribution justice. Meanwhile, it insists on three principles on theory, including un-presuppose’s motivation theory, taking citizen as the main body, and participation as the core principle. However, the realization of this distribution justice needs the consummation of participation system and citizen construction in China.