浅埋近距煤层上层开采结束后遗留的煤柱对下层开采影响很大，经常导致下部煤层开采矿压显现明显，甚至诱发冲击矿压等事故。因此本文以哈拉沟煤矿12101工作面为工程背景，对浅埋近距下煤层开采过煤柱时覆层垮落特征、裂隙演化规律及采场应力分布特征进行研究，对后续类似工作面的安全生产和稳定开采具有一定指导意义。 论文建立下煤层工作面进煤柱、过煤柱、出煤柱（过空巷）三个不同阶段煤柱上方关键块体结构的力学模型，并对其稳定性进行了分析。通过FLAC3D模拟软件和相似材料模拟实验，对过煤柱时围岩应力分布和覆岩运动规律进行监测，将光纤Bragg光栅传感器与PPP-BOTDA技术应用到模拟实验中，对上覆关键层变形移动进行监测。结合12101工作面现场矿压观测数据，对工作面末采阶段过煤柱时的矿压规律进行分析。 研究表明，哈拉沟煤矿12101工作面在过辅回撤巷道时，上覆1段煤柱整体随亚关键层在巷道底鼓破断线处回转，导致工作面压力突然增大，出现强矿压显现；进煤柱、过煤柱和出煤柱时的超前支承压力峰值分别为2.64 MPa、2.79 MPa和3.26 MPa，应力集中系数平均为1.48。工作面过1段煤柱时超前支承压力从上覆煤柱转移至12101工作面，出辅回撤巷及排矸巷时应力峰值达到最大，塑性区分析表明浅埋煤层开采条件下，工作面顶板呈切落式破断。现场监测结果表明在过空巷时支架支护阻力明显大于过煤柱阶段时支架的支护阻力。在相似模型中光纤Bragg光栅监测结果与岩层移动规律一致，且过辅回撤巷时光纤H1的布里渊频移曲线右侧峰值发生突增，证明了上覆煤柱在此阶段发生整体下沉，导致出现强矿压显现。

The coal pillars left in the upper coal seam have great influence on the mining of the lower coal seam in shallow close distance seams, and it often leads to the obvious roof weighting in mining of the lower coal seam, even inducing rock burst and other accidents. Therefore, this paper take condition of 12101 working face in Halagou Coal Mine, strata caving characteristics, crack evolution law and stress distribution characteristics when mining under pillars in the lower coal seam are studied, and it has guiding significance for safety production and stable mining of similar working face. Through establishing the mechanical model of upper key block structure in three different stages which are entering pillars, crossing pillars and out of the pillars, and the stability of key block structure is analyzed. By FLAC3D simulation software and similar material simulation experiment, when mining crossing pillars, the stress distribution of the surrounding rock and the law of overlying strata are monitored, FBG and PPP-BOTDA are used in the simulation experiment to monitor the transformation and movement of the overlying key strata. Combining with the underground pressure observation data of the working face, the law of underground pressure when mining crossing the pillars at the final stage is analyzed. It shows that the overlying pillars rotate at the pucking fracture line of roadway with the inferior key strata, and it leads to the pressure increase of working face suddenly, strong pressure is happened. The maximum values of the advance abutment pressure transfers when entering pillars, crossing pillars and out of the pillars are 2.64 MPa, 2.79 MPa and 3.26 MPa, the average factor of stress concentration is 1.48. The advance abutment pressure is transfered from overlying pillars to 12101 working face when crossing the pillar section 1, The pressure comes to the maximum when mining out of the auxiliary roadway and expelling gangue roadway, The analysis of plastic zone shows that the roof of the working face is cutting down broken. The results of site monitoring show that the support resistance is bigger when acrossing abandoned roadway than acrossing the coal pillar. In the similar simulation, the Bragg grating monitoring results are consistent with the law of rock movement, and the maximum value in the right of the Brillouin curve of the fiber H1 is increased suddenly, it shows that the whole overlying pillar sinks in this stage, and it leads to strong pressure behaviors.