大倾角煤层指煤层埋藏倾角介于35°～55°的煤层。回采过程中采煤机落煤、端面片、冒煤岩块受煤层倾角影响不能在底板稳定停留，沿倾斜方向向工作面下部滑移、滚动，不断加速形成冲击，在回采空间伤人损物，形成大倾角煤层长壁工作面开采的特有的“飞矸”灾害，严重制约矿井安全高效生产。

通过工作面实测、飞矸块体冲击实验、分离式霍普金森压杆试验（SHPB）、非线性动力学数值模拟相结合的研究手段。回溯了飞矸的物质来源、划分了基本类型、区划了形成范围、统计了发生频率；厘定了不同因素影响下飞矸在回采空间的运动轨迹，阐明了运动过程中动能的累积与耗散机制；揭示了飞矸块体在不同冲击载荷作用下破碎过程中的能量耗散与几何分形特征；还原了不同碰撞方位、入射动能条件下飞矸与挡矸网的碰撞过程，基于挡矸网的力学行为响应实现了飞矸冲击效能评价，为挡矸网参数优化提供了依据。研究结果表明：

采动过程中飞矸的主要物源有：煤壁片帮后脱落的片状煤体、端面冒落的破碎顶板、采煤机截割过程中抛射的煤矸、底板挤压膨出的散状块体。其中，片帮煤体占工作面飞矸来源的66%，端面漏冒煤矸占13%，采煤机截割落煤占16%，底板膨出块体占比较少。初采期间飞矸主要形成于工作面倾斜中部，充分采动后沿工作面全长均有分布，以中部最为集中；发生频率沿倾斜方向呈“中部最高，上部次之，下部最低”区域性分布特征。

飞矸形成后，沿工作面倾斜方向的运动模式分为“一次碰撞”、“一次碰撞—滑移”、“多次回弹”和“多次间歇回弹—滑移” 四种模式；随着煤层倾角的增大、飞矸块体几何尺度的减小，飞矸运动轨迹沿底板法向更加均匀且离散程度减弱；当煤层底板Schmidt硬度由36.0增大至78.2时，飞矸回弹高度由0～3倍升高至3～6倍的飞矸等效直径。

飞矸沿底板滑动、滚动以及自由落体过程中，动能均会随运动历程的增加而累积；当飞矸与底板或设备发生碰撞后其自身积聚的动能部分转化为对底板或设备的冲击能量。飞矸动能在大倾角煤层倾斜采场空间运动历程服从对数正态函数分布；工作面有设备情况下飞矸动能相比无设备时下降了20%，综采设备的存在降低了动能与对数正态函数的相关性，加剧了飞矸运动过程动能的离散程度。

飞矸块体与底板及回采空间设备的碰撞过程与分离式霍普金森压杆试验具有高度的“过程相似性”和“载荷相似性”：高速冲击作用下飞矸破坏分为完好、单一劈裂、粉碎三种模式。破碎后煤岩几何分形维数D与应变率呈对数函数关系。在相同应变率水平下，煤岩强度越小，分形破碎程度越高；破碎煤岩分形维数与煤岩几何尺寸呈负相关关系；几何形态对煤岩块体分形维数与应变率的函数关系形式影响不显著，均呈对数函数。煤质飞矸节理裂隙相对发育，碰撞过程中高速冲击载荷作用时应力波传递路径呈现出弥散性，当传递至煤岩不规则边缘交界处易产生应力集中并诱发破坏，即飞矸外缘轮廓的棱角处易率先发生破坏分离导致球形度逐步增加，几何形态趋于“球”体—飞矸形状“磨圆”现象。

基于飞矸累积损伤效应发展了Hertz经典碰撞理论，构建了飞矸损伤风险指标Ē（碰撞前动能）和Ē_COR,BE（飞矸与设备碰撞能量恢复系数）关系模型。Ē越大，Ē_COR,BE越小，相应地飞矸损伤风险越大；反之亦然。飞矸损伤风险指标随着影响因素的不同呈现差异，Ē随着煤层倾角和底板Schmidt硬度的增加而增加，随着飞矸等效直径增大近似呈指数函数增加。Ē_COR,BE随着飞矸等效直径和煤层倾角的增大单调递减，随着底板Schmidt 硬度的增大呈先减小后增大的非线性趋势。但Ē_COR,BE值受以上因素的影响程度较低，变化幅度较小。

基于以上研究基础，提出了以“上部飞矸着重轨迹阻拦、中部飞矸强调源头治理、下部飞矸预防二次衍生”为目标的大倾角工作面沿倾向分区控制原则；以“运动阶段多次碰撞梯阶耗能、碰撞前阶段飞矸与设备柔性隔断阻滞、碰撞时高强材料抑损抗变”为手段的分阶段控制对策；以“诱导运动模式，限制回弹高度，调控耗能比例”为核心的全过程控制技术，并基于此提出了不同飞矸冲击条件下的挡矸网强度、密度参数优化方案。

以大倾角煤层长壁大采高工作面飞矸灾害控制为研究目标，围绕“飞矸的形成来源、分布规律、运动机制、致灾机理、损害效果评价”等问题展开系统研究，阐明了飞矸动力灾害的控制原则与方法。研究成果可为大倾角煤层开采飞矸灾害防控实践提供科学指导，具有一定的理论与现实意义。

The steeply dipping coal seam (SDCS) involves a coal seam with an inclination that varies from 35˚ to 55˚. Blocks may be formed by the cutter, coal wall spall, and fall rock of the roof during the mining process, they cannot stay on the floor stably because of seam inclination. The detached blocks slipping and rolling to the lower part of the working face, accelerating continuously to form impacts, lead to many fatalities for coal miners and the fully-mechanized equipment in the longwall workings. This dynamic phenomenon is referred to as the “flying gangue” hazard, which is a unique disaster in longwall mining of the SDCSs.

This study was carried out through the combination of on-site investigation, small-scale block impact test, Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar test (SHPB), and nonlinear dynamic numerical simulation. First of all, the provenances of the flying-gangue hazard were traced, the basic types for the flying-gangue hazard were divided, the block detachment range was divided and the occurrence frequency was counted. Secondly, the trajectory of the flying-gangue under different influencing factors was determined, and the accumulation and dissipation of block kinetic energy during the moving process was clarified. The energy dissipation and fractal characteristics of the block under different loading rates were revealed. The collision processes between the flying-gangue and the flexible net under different scenes was examined. Finally, the efficiency evaluation for the flying-gangue is realized based on the mechanical behavior response of the net, which provides a basis for parameters optimization of the flexible net. The main conclusions are as follows:

Main provenance for the flying-gangue hazard includes the coal wall spall, roof fall, coal cutting and the floor squeezing. Among them, the coal wall spall accounts for 66% of the total blocks, the roof fall accounts for 13%, the coal cutting accounts for 16%, and the floor squeezing accounts for the least proportion. During the initial mining period, flying-gangues are mainly formed in the middle part of the working face. It can distribute along the full length of the working face where the middle part is the most concentrated after fully mining. The flying-gangue occurrence frequency shows a regional distribution characteristic, of which the highest frequency occurring in the middle part of the working face.

The motion mode of a block (flying-gangue) moving from the upper region to the lower region can be divided into one collision mode, one collision and slipping mode, multiple collisions mode, and multiple intermittent collisions and slipping mode.  The normal rebound effect decreased as the seam angle increased as well as the block size increased. The rebound height concentration area increased from 0 to 3 times to 3 to 6 times the equivalent diameter of the block, the longwall floor Schmidt hardness increasing from 36.0 to 78.2. Along the direction of the working face inclination, the dispersion degree of flying-gangue trajectory is positively correlated with seam inclination and floor hardness， but negatively correlated with the block size.

The accumulation, dissipation and release of flying gangue energy run through its entire propagation process. For a single block, the kinetic energy of the flying-gangue is closely related to its motion. The kinetic energy of flying-gangue increases in sliding, rolling, and free fall, and the energy decreases when it collides with the floor and equipment. Among these five motion types, the impact of blocks on the equipment is one of the main factors that affect the equipment damage. The statistics of block energy show that the flying-gangue kinetic energy obeys a log-normal distribution based on many blocks in small-scale impact tests. The collision process between the flying-gangue and the floor or the mining equipment has a highly “process similarity” and “load similarity” with the SHPB test, and thus the fractal laws for flying-gangue fragmentation can be carried out. The failure mode of coal-rock under high-speed impact can be divided into three types: intact, single crack, and severe fragmentization. Fractal dimension D the coal specimen has a logarithmic relationship with the strain rate. Coal with lower uniaxial compression strength is more severely broken and has a larger fractal dimension D under the same strain rate conditions. The larger the coal size, the smaller the fractal dimension D is. The fractal dimension D of coal has a logarithmic relationship with strain rate regardless of whether the shape of the specimen is a disk or a cube.

The “shape-rounded” phenomenon of the block (flying-gangue) is prone to appear during the movement. This phenomenon can be attributed to three parts: First, because the impact orientation between the block and slope or equipment is not strictly perpendicular compared with a drop test, the stress wave propagation within the specimen is dispersed to some extent during an impact. Second, because the block shape is not strictly regular, the stress is easily concentrated on a non-smooth surface. Finally, due to local shear failure in the contact area, a damaged area is formed. The above reasons also explain the shape-spheroidality of flying-gangue after a long-distance propagation.

Ē and Ē_COR,BE are risk indicators that take into account the cumulative damage effect of flying-gangues. Ē increases linearly with the increase of the inclination of the floor and the Schmidt hardness of longwall floor. The approximate exponential function increases as the equivalent diameter of the flying-gangue increases. Ē_COR,BE decrease monotonously with the increase of the equivalent diameter of the flying-gangue and the longwall floor inclination and increase by a quadratic polynomial with the increase of the longwall floor Schmidt hardness. In general, the change of Ē_{COR, BE} is not obvious. There is a negative correlation between Ē_{COR, BE} and Ē.

The basic control principles, measures, and methods for the control of flying-gangue hazards were proposed based on the above research. The sub-regional control principle is “For the flying-gangue occurred in the upper section of working face, trajectory obstruction should be focused; For the flying-gangue occurred in the middle section of working face, source control should be accepted, and for the flying-gangue occurred in the lower section of working face, the secondary derivation should be forbidden”. The principle based on a different phase of flying-gangue is “Increasing the collisions of block-to-floor, avoiding the contact between the block and equipment, and improving the Schmidt Hardness of materials”. The principle based on the different motion of flying-gangue is “Taking measures to change the motion mode, forcibly reducing the rebound trajectory of flying-gangue, increasing the proportion of energy consumption during an impact”.

Taking flying-gangue hazard in SDCS with a large mining height as the object, the flying-gangue hazard control mitigations with consideration of site-specific flying-gangue characteristics were proposed based on field investigation and evaluating risk indicators. This study provides a method for risk assessment and for determining the principles of protective systems in underground steep coal seams.

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