文物建筑蕴含着悠久的历史，在全球范围内承载着城市的文化积淀，有着极大的文化价值。木结构古建筑存世长久、不可复制、形式多样，火灾过程复杂，火灾防控是古建筑消防安全工作的重点。木结构古建筑长期暴露在自然环境中，容易受到各种微生物的侵袭，导致木材发生生物老化，直接影响古建筑木质可燃物的燃烧特性。为此，本文针对生物老化对木材热解及燃烧特性影响，以古建筑典型木材为研究对象，研究了木材老化特征，提出了木材生物老化程度评价指标体系；采用同步热分析实验分析了老化木材热解动力学特征；通过锥形量热实验掌握了不同老化程度木材燃烧特性，运用灰色关联分析法确定了宏观参数与微观燃烧特征的关联关系，揭示了不同生物老化程度对生物老化木材燃烧过程的影响机制，为木结构古建筑火灾危险性预测及其消防安全评估提供理论依据，对预防木结构古建筑火灾发生具有重要的实际意义。

首先，根据古建筑老化特点，结合GBT13942.1-2009标准，制备了不同生物老化程度松木、杉木、杨木和榆木，分析了不同木材生物老化基础物理特性。研究表明，随着生物老化程度的加深，木材的表面从偏黄色变为灰褐色，不同老化程度软木的灰分含量小于硬木，软木细胞壁表面撕裂程度明显；硬木的纤维素与半纤维素随着生物老化程度的加深部分降解，菌种吸收营养物质和水分的能力弱化，微观基团减少，密粘褶菌生长养分流失，木材老化延缓，结晶度降低，软木热量扩散和导热能力增强；杉木受微生物腐蚀大，老化危险性高，为此，选择了老化杉木进行了指标体系的建立，确定了生物老化程度的判定准则。

其次，分析了不同升温速率下生物老化木材的热解特性，揭示了不同生物老化程度木材的热解动力学特征。研究表明，随着生物老化程度的加深，木材内部组分被逐渐消耗，碳燃烧反应难度降低，反应时间缩短，重度老化杉木的放热量明显高于轻度老化，且活化能较低；生物老化导致部分纤维素、半纤维素及木质素被分解，造成结构降解。轻度老化木材中半纤维素降解完全，中度老化纤维素分解困难，需要消耗更多的能量，活化能升高。生物老化程度加深，木材组分分解，细胞孔隙变大，热解所需能量降低，平均活化能减小，轻度、中度、重度老化木材机理函数的变化与评价指标划分准则一致。不同生物老化程度木材指前因子与活化能变化趋势线性关系良好，动力学补偿效应明显。

然后，研究了不同辐射强度下生物老化木材的燃烧特性，分析了生物老化作用下点燃时间、质量损失、热释放、烟气产率等关键燃烧参数变化规律。结果表明，随着生物老化程度的加深，木材燃烧过程中维持原有尺寸和形状的性能逐渐减弱；生物老化导致木材表面燃烧过程中热释放速率和点燃时间逐渐降低，重度的生物老化程度会使实验杉木由热厚型转变为热薄性；随着辐射强度的增加生物老化后木材质量损失峰、热释放峰、CO和CO₂生成速率峰值出现时间随着生物老化程度的加深而逐渐提前，且强度增强。在不同辐射强度下均为中度、重度老化杉木表面温度大于轻度老化杉木。老化程度的增加，杉木中大部分纤维素被降解，木材结构松散，燃烧性能增强，火灾危险性增大。

最后，阐明了不同生物老化程度木材宏-微观参数之间的关联关系。老化2周杉木的放热量、总产烟量与活性官能团的灰色关联度最高，在轻度和中度老化阶段，O-H及H-O-H官能团是热量释放的主要来源，O-H基团氢键断裂造成放热量较大；在老化的过程中，木质素分子内的O-H基团和杉木纤维素之间的化学键发生断裂产生出更多的活性官能团，其产烟量的变化趋势不断波动，H-O-H逐渐被破坏，降低了木材的硬度和耐久性。C-O-C和C-O基团在杉木老化后期的燃烧反应中发生大规模的断裂，参与氧化反应，生成了碳氧类气体，降低了杉木的结构稳定性和热值。

Cultural relic buildings carry the cultural heritage of the city on a global scale. Wood structure ancient buildings are exposed to the natural environment for a long time, and are vulnerable to the invasion of various microorganisms, resulting in wood biological aging directly affecting the combustion characteristics of wood in ancient buildings. Therefore, this study takes the typical wood of ancient buildings as the research object, puts forward the evaluation index system of wood biological aging degree. The pyrolysis kinetic characteristics of aging wood were analyzed. The combustion characteristics of wood with different aging degrees were mastered, the relationship between macroscopic parameters and microscopic characteristics was determined, and the influence mechanism of different biological aging degrees on wood combustion was revealed, which provided a theoretical basis for fire risk prediction and fire safety assessment of ancient buildings.

Firstly, according to the aging characteristics of ancient architectures, combined with GBT13942.1-2009 standard, pine, fir, poplar and elm with different degrees of biological aging were prepared, and the basic physical properties of different wood biological aging were analyzed. With the deepening of biological aging, the surface of wood changed from yellow to grayish brown, the ash content of cork was less than that of hardwood, and the surface of cork cell wall was obviously torn. The cellulose and hemicellulose of hardwood were partially degraded, the ability of bacteria to absorb nutrients and water was weakened, the micro-groups were reduced, the growth nutrients of gloeophyllum trabeum are lost, the wood aging was delayed, the crystallinity was reduced, and the thermal diffusion and thermal conductivity of softwood were enhanced. The establishment of an index system for fir can determine the criteria for determining the degree of biological aging.

Secondly, the pyrolysis kinetic characteristics of wood with different biological aging degrees were revealed. Studies have shown that the degree of biological aging was deepened, the internal components of wood were gradually consumed, the difficulty of carbon combustion reaction was reduced, the reaction time was shortened, and the heat release of severely aging fir was significantly higher than that of mildly aging fir. Hemicellulose in mildly aging wood was completely degraded, and cellulose in moderately aging wood was difficult to decompose. The activation energy increased, the wood components were decomposed, the cell pores became larger, the energy required for pyrolysis decreased, and the average activation energy decreased. The change of mechanism function of mild, moderate and severe aging wood was consistent with the evaluation criteria. The linear relationship between the pre-exponential factor and the activation energy of wood with different biological aging degrees was good, and the kinetic compensation effect was obvious.

Then, the variation law of key combustion parameters under biological aging was analyzed. With the deepening of biological aging, the performance of maintaining the original size and shape during wood combustion gradually weakened, the heat release rate and ignition time gradually decreased, and the severe biological aging degree would make fir change from hot-thick material to hot-thin material. With the increase of radiation intensity, the appearance time of wood mass loss peak, heat release peak, CO and CO2 formation rate peak after biological aging gradually advanced with the deepening of biological aging degree, and the strength increased. Under different radiation intensities, the surface temperature of moderately and severely aging fir was greater than that of slightly aging fir. With the increase of aging degree, the combustion was enhanced and the fire risk was increased.

Finally, the relationship between macro-micro parameters of wood with different degrees of biological aging was clarified. In the mild and moderate aging stages, O-H and H-O-H functional groups were the main sources of heat release, and the hydrogen bond breakage of O-H groups causes a large amount of heat release. The chemical bond between the O-H group in the lignin molecule and the fir cellulose was broken to produce more active functional groups. The change trend of the smoke production was constantly fluctuating, and the H-O-H was gradually destroyed, which reduces the hardness and durability of the wood. The C-O-C and C-O groups were broken on a large scale during the combustion reaction in the later stage of fir aging, and participated in the oxidation reaction to generate carbon and oxygen gases, which reduced the structural stability and calorific value of fir.

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