近年来，全球范围内环境持续恶化与化石能源枯竭等问题日益突出，推动清洁能源技术及相关储能系统的研发已成为各国能源战略的重点。根据国际能源署(IEA)统计的数据显示，2020年全球可再生能源发电量占比已经达到了29%，预计到2030年将提升至40%以上。在这一背景下，电化学储能装置作为连接可再生能源与电力输出的关键技术，其技术创新受到了学术界和产业界的广泛重视。在众多新型储能技术中，燃料电池凭借其高效的能量转换效率和环境友好等优势脱颖而出。其中，硼氢化物燃料电池体系因其理论能量密度高达9.3 kWh kg^-1，远高于传统锂离子电池(0.2-0.3 kWh kg^-1)，被视为下一代储能技术的重要潜在发展方向。然而，该体系在实际应用中面临一个关键的技术瓶颈：硼氢根离子(BH₄^- )在电化学氧化过程中极易发生水解，这不仅降低了燃料的利用率，还导致电极反应动力学过程显著减缓。因此，开发出高效稳定的电催化剂成为突破该技术瓶颈的关键。针对上述关键技术瓶颈，开发高性能的阳极催化剂应满足以下条件：具有优异的电催化活性，能够有效降低BH₄^-氧化的过电位；具备良好的化学稳定性，能够在强碱性电解液下保持稳定；具有成本效益，适合大规模生产与应用。基于这些考虑，对以下几种电催化材料的制备工艺与性能进行了研究分析。

       (1) 利用介质阻挡放电(DBD)等离子体技术协同化学还原法制备了具有异质界面和丰富氧空位(Ov)的三元异质结构RuO₂/CoO/B₂₀H₂₆O(Ru-Co-B)催化剂，用于增强硼氢化物氧化反应(BOR)。Ru-Co-B催化剂表现出显著的电催化活性和长期稳定性，由于电荷分布不均匀的界面处能带结构的差异，非均匀结构会自发产生内建电场，促进界面电荷转移。Ov的产生增加了其活性位点，促进其催化活性。当它用于直接硼氢化物燃料电池(DBFCs)时，室温下显示出206 mW cm^-2的峰值功率密度，并且在20 mA cm^-2的恒定电流下保持270 h的显著稳定性。

       (2) 针对等离子体技术在催化材料中的影响和应用机制研究，采用等离子体技术直接一步合成法，成功制备了富缺陷的RuO₂/B₂O₃双氧化物(Ru-B)催化剂。该工艺通过等离子体高能粒子对催化剂的刻蚀与原子重构作用，实现比表面积增加(BET比表面积提升至3.7037 m² g⁻¹)与活性位点密度提升，促进了电子的转移。密度泛函理论(DFT)计算表明，异质界面处的电子耦合效应使RuO₂/B₂O₃表面d带中心下移，导致H*和OH*中间体的吸附结合能降低，这种电子结构有效释放了BH₄^-吸附位点，这对于高BOR速率是必不可少的。该催化剂表现出显著的电化学性质，在室温下具有低电荷转移电阻(Rct=1.75 Ω)、过电位(102 mV)和塔菲尔斜率(156.1 mV del^-1)。此外，Ru-B电极表现出优异的电催化性能和持续的长期稳定性，在25°C下实现了288 mW cm^-2的最大功率密度，在20 mA cm^-2的电流下能够持续运行超过330 h，并且在催化性能方面优于其他方法制备的催化剂。

       (3) 基于催化剂在电解液中易发生活性组分脱落的问题，开发了一种复合结构催化剂的创新制备策略。首先通过高温热解工艺合成Co₃O₄基底材料，随后，利用等离子体技术对Co₃O₄和RuCl₃的混合物进行处理，成功制备了RuO₂微小颗粒高分散于Co₃O₄基底上的负载结构RuO₂/Co₃O₄(Ru-Co)。通过优化涂覆-煅烧工艺，将催化剂均匀涂敷于泡沫镍(Ni-Foam)上，该方法相较于传统方法显著提升了活性材料与基底的界面结合强度。通过物理表征以及电化学性能测试，RuO₂/Co₃O₄催化剂表现出优异的催化活性和高效的BOR催化动力学特性，在室温下具有较大的电化学活性比表面积、较低的电荷转移电阻(0.545 Ω)、较低的过电位(133 mV)和Tafel斜率(130.8 mV del^-1)，且在DBFC性能测试中，峰值功率密度达到361 mW cm^-2，在20 mA cm^-2恒定电流密度下持续放电300小时后，输出电压仍保持初始值的91.5%，展现出卓越的长期运行稳定性。

         In recent years, the problems of environmental degradation and fossil energy depletion have become more and more prominent globally, and the promotion of research and development of clean energy technologies and related energy storage systems has become the focus of national energy strategies. According to statistics from the International Energy Agency (IEA), the global share of renewable power generation has reached 29% in 2020 and is expected to rise to over 40% by 2030. In this context, the technological innovation of electrochemical energy storage devices, as a key technology connecting renewable energy sources and power output, has been widely emphasized by both academia and industry. Among many new energy storage technologies, fuel cells stand out with their advantages of high energy conversion efficiency and environmental friendliness. Among them, the borohydride fuel cell system is regarded as an important potential development direction for the next-generation energy storage technology because its theoretical energy density is as high as 9.3 kWh kg^-1, which is much higher than that of conventional lithium-ion batteries (0.2-0.3 kWh kg^-1). However, this system faces a key technical bottleneck in practical application: borohydride ion (BH₄^-) is highly susceptible to hydrolysis during electrochemical oxidation, which not only reduces the fuel utilization, but also leads to a significant slowdown of the electrode reaction kinetics. Therefore, the development of efficient and stable electrocatalysts becomes the key to break through the bottleneck of this technology. In view of the above key technological bottlenecks, the development of high-performance anode catalysts should meet the following conditions: excellent electrocatalytic activity, which can effectively reduce the overpotential of BH₄^- oxidation; good chemical stability, which can be maintained under the strong alkaline electrolyte; and cost-effective, which is suitable for large-scale production and application. Based on these considerations, the preparation process and properties of the following electrocatalytic materials were studied and analyzed.

         (1) Ternary heterostructured RuO₂/CoO/B₂₀H₂₆O (Ru-Co-B) catalysts with heterogeneous interfaces and abundant oxygen vacancies (Ov) were prepared for enhanced borohydride oxidation reaction (BOR) using dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma technology in concert with chemical reduction. The Ru-Co-B catalysts exhibit remarkable electrocatalytic activity and long-term stability, and the non-uniform structure spontaneously generates a built-in electric field that promotes interfacial charge transfer due to the difference in energy band structure at the interface where charge distribution is not uniform. The production of Ov increases its active site and promotes its catalytic activity. When it is used in direct boron hydride fuel cells (DBFCs), it shows a peak power density of 206 mW cm^-2 at room temperature and maintains a remarkable stability of 270 h at a constant current of 20 mA cm^-2.

         (2) For the study of the influence and application mechanism of plasma technology in catalytic materials, RuO₂/B₂O₃ double oxide (Ru-B) catalysts with rich defects were successfully prepared by direct one-step synthesis using plasma technology. The process achieves an increase in specific surface area (BET specific surface area elevated to 3.7037 m² g^-1) and active site density through the etching and atomic remodeling effects of plasma energetic particles on the catalyst, which promotes electron transfer. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations showed that the electronic coupling effect at the heterogeneous interface shifted the d-band center downward on the RuO₂/B₂O₃ surface, leading to a decrease in the adsorption binding energies of the H* and OH* intermediates, and that this electronic structure effectively releases the BH₄^- adsorption sites, which are essential for high BOR rates. The catalyst exhibited remarkable electrochemical properties with low charge transfer resistance (Rct = 1.75 Ω), overpotential (102 mV) and Tafel slope (156.1 mV del^-1) at room temperature. In addition, the Ru-B electrode exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance and sustained long-term stability, achieved a maximum power density of 288 mW cm^-2 at 25 °C, was able to operate continuously for more than 330 h at a current of 20 mA cm^-2, and outperformed catalysts prepared by other methods in terms of catalytic performance.

         (3) Based on the catalyst's susceptibility to active component shedding in the electrolyte, an innovative preparation strategy for a composite-structured catalyst was developed. The Co₃O₄ substrate material was first synthesized by a high-temperature pyrolysis process, and subsequently, the loaded structure RuO₂/Co₃O₄ (Ru-Co) with RuO₂ tiny particles highly dispersed on the Co₃O₄ substrate was successfully prepared by treating the mixture of Co₃O₄ and RuCl₃ using plasma technology. By optimizing the coating-calcining process, the catalyst was uniformly coated on nickel foam (Ni-Foam), which significantly enhanced the interfacial bonding strength between the active material and the substrate compared with the conventional method. Through physical characterization as well as electrochemical performance tests, the RuO₂/Co₃O₄ catalysts exhibited excellent catalytic activity and efficient BOR catalytic kinetics, with a large electrochemically active specific surface area, low charge transfer resistance (0.545 Ω), low overpotential (133 mV) and Tafel slope (130.8 mV del^-1) at room temperature, and in the DBFC performance test, the peak power density reaches 361 mW cm^-2, and the output voltage remains 91.5% of the initial value after 300 hours of continuous discharge at a constant current density of 20 mA cm^-2, demonstrating excellent long-term operational stability.

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