随着农业和养殖业的专业化、规模化，大量畜禽粪便产生于养殖场中，给环境和人体健康造成了严重危害。好氧堆肥技术，作为一种能够实现有机废弃物无害化、资源化处理的先进方法，近年来备受瞩目。而电场辅助好氧堆肥技术 (即电场堆肥) 更是被证实为提升好氧堆肥过程无害化程度和效率的有效手段。然而，堆肥过程中往往伴随着大量的氮素损失，这不仅加剧了环境负担，还影响了好氧堆肥产品的整体质量。因此，如何在实现无害化处理的同时，减少氮素损失，提高堆肥效率，成为了当前亟待解决的问题。金属—有机骨架化合物 (MOFs) 材料以其出色的强吸附性能、大比表面积和高催化性能，为解决好氧堆肥过程中的气体排放和有毒有害物质分解问题提供了有效途径。此外，将具有良好力学性能和化学稳定性的聚合物基体与MOFs材料进行复合，不仅能够进一步提升MOFs材料的性能，还有助于延长其使用寿命。然而目前MOFs及其复合材料在好氧堆肥过程中的应用并未有太多的研究。因此，本研究致力于解决好氧堆肥过程中氮素损失问题，以操作简单效果明显的添加剂制备为研究目标，设计并开发一种能够有效降低堆肥过程中氨气排放新型的MOFs/聚二甲基硅氧烷 (PDMS) 海绵复合材料，并进行电场堆肥实验，旨在探究新型添加剂材料的效果及作用机理。研究的主要内容包括以下3部分：

(1) 采用均苯三甲酸和二甲基咪唑为有机配体，锌为金属中心，分别成功制备了两种材料1,3,5-均三苯羧酸锌 (ZnBTC) 和2-甲基咪唑锌 (ZIF-8)。其中ZnBTC (11.37 mmol/g) 对NH₃的吸收量高于ZIF-8 (1.26 mmol/g)，ZnBTC在堆肥气体模拟环境中仍具有明显的氨气的吸附效果，而ZIF-8在堆肥气体模拟环境中基本没有吸附效果，这表明ZnBTC有助于减少堆肥过程中氨气带来的环境污染。理论计算结果表明，ZnBTC比ZIF-8具有更高的吸附能力，这与实验结果充分吻合。以上结果表明以均苯三甲酸为配体制备的MOFs材料在堆肥模拟环境中更具竞争力，因此在后续的研究中选择以均苯三甲酸为有机配体材料。

(2) 采用均苯三甲酸为有机配体成功制备了1,3,5-均三苯羧酸铁 (FeBTC)、1,3,5-均三苯羧酸锌 (ZnBTC)、1,3,5-均三苯羧酸铜 (CuBTC)三种MOFs材料。结果表明三种MOFs材料均表现出较高的氨吸附量。为了进一步深入了解其吸附机制，利用分子动力学模型 (DFT) 进行了分析。结果表明，CuBTC和ZnBTC因其高极性、强大的协调能力和简洁的结构特点，使得NH₃能够以直线形式与之结合。相对而言，FeBTC由于其结构稳定性较高，不易受到外界冲击。因此，FeBTC的金属位点与NH₃之间的键更稳定。此外，FeBTC极大的比表面积和良好的生物活性，更有利于堆肥过程的进行。因此选择了PDMS海绵进行负载，成功制备了FeBTC/PDMS海绵复合材料。

(3) 分别采用不同添加量的PDMS海绵和FeBTC/PDMS海绵复合材料进行电场堆肥实验。实验结果表明FeBTC/PDMS海绵具有良好的氨气减排效果，其中3% FeBTC/PDMS具有最佳的效果。相较于CK，3% FeBTC/PDMS减少了56.81%的NH₃排放量，延长了5天的高温期持续时间。这可能是由于FeBTC/PDMS加入提高了堆肥过程中的氮转化微生物的活性，促进了铵态氮的转化，减少了氨气的挥发。此外，FeBTC/PDMS的施加并未对堆肥过程中微生物产生明显的毒害作用，堆肥过程中微生物多样性及活性均未受到显著的抑制。同时，FeBTC/PDMS还可有效促进堆肥过程中复杂有机质降解相关微生物的活性，促进了堆肥无害化及腐殖化过程的进行。

综上所述，本文设计了一种针对电场堆肥过程中氨气排放问题的FeBTC/PDMS新型添加剂，同时阐述了其作用机理。本研究为好氧堆肥氨气减排添加剂提供了新的研究思路和数据支撑。

The specialization and scale of the agriculture and breeding industry result in a significant production of livestock and poultry manure on farms, which poses serious environmental and health risks. In recent years, aerobic composting technology has gained considerable attention as an advanced method for achieving the harmless and resourceful treatment of organic waste. Electric field-assisted aerobic composting technology has been proven to be an effective approach in enhancing the degree of harmlessness and efficiency during the aerobic composting process. The composting process, however, often leads to significant nitrogen loss, which not only exacerbates the environmental burden but also impacts the overall quality of aerobic compost products. Therefore, finding ways to minimize nitrogen loss and enhance composting efficiency while achieving safe treatment has become an urgent issue that needs to be addressed. Metal-Organic Framework compounds (MOFs) offer an effective solution to address the challenges of gas emission and decomposition of toxic substances during aerobic composting, owing to their exceptional adsorption properties, large specific surface area, and high catalytic performance. Moreover, incorporating MOFs into a polymer matrix with excellent mechanical properties and chemical stability not only enhances the performance of MOFs but also extends their lifespan. However, there is limited research on the application of MOFs and their composites in aerobic composting. Therefore, this study aims to tackle the issue of nitrogen loss in aerobic composting by developing additives that are easy to use yet highly effective. Specifically, design a novel composite material consisting of MOFs/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponge that can significantly reduce NH₃ emissions during composting processes. Additionally, conduct electric field-assisted composting experiments to investigate the effects and mechanisms of these new additive materials. The main content from this study are as follows:

(1) The materials ZnBTC and ZIF-8 were successfully synthesized using trimeric acid and dimethylimidazole as organic ligands, with zinc serving as the metal centers. The NH₃ absorption capacity of ZnBTC (11.37 mmol/g) was found to be higher than that of ZIF-8 (1.26 mmol/g). In a simulated compost gas environment, ZnBTC exhibited significant adsorption effect on ammonia gas, while ZIF-8 showed minimal adsorption effect. This indicates that the use of ZnBTC can effectively mitigate environmental pollution caused by ammonia during composting processes. Theoretical results also confirmed that ZnBTC has superior adsorption capacity compared to ZIF-8, which aligns well with the experimental findings. These results highlight the competitive advantage of MOFs prepared using trimeric acid as the coordination system in composting simulation environments, thus justifying its selection as the organic ligand material for subsequent studies.

(2) FeBTC, ZnBTC, and CuBTC were synthesized using trimeric acid as the organic ligands. The experimental results demonstrated that all three MOFs exhibited enhanced ammonia adsorption capacity. To gain further insights into the adsorption mechanism, molecular dynamics simulations (DFT) were employed for analysis. The simulation results revealed that CuBTC and ZnBTC can form a linear arrangement due to their high polarity, strong coordination abilities, and compact structures. In contrast, FeBTC displayed remarkable resistance to external perturbations owing to its exceptional structural stability. Consequently, the bond between the metal site of FeBTC and NH₃ was found to be more stable. Moreover, the large specific surface area and excellent biocompatibility of FeBTC facilitated the composting process effectively. Therefore, PDMS sponge was selected as a carrier material for loading FeBTC/PDMS composite successfully.

(3) The electric field composting experiment was conducted using PDMS sponge and FeBTC/PDMS sponge composite with varying addition amounts, respectively. The experimental results demonstrate that the inclusion of 3% FeBTC/PDMS exhibits a significant reduction in NH₃ emissions by 56.81% and prolonged the duration of high temperature period over 5 days. This can be attributed to the enhanced activity of nitrogen-converting microorganisms facilitated by FeBTC/PDMS, which promotes ammonium nitrogen conversion and reduces ammonia volatilization. Furthermore, during the composting process, no significant toxic effects on microorganisms were observed upon application of FeBTC/PDMS; microbial diversity and activity remained unaffected throughout composting. Additionally, FeBTC/PDMS effectively enhances the activity of microorganisms involved in complex organic matter degradation during composting while promoting a harmless and humification process.

In summary, this paper presents the development of a novel FeBTC/PDMS additive for mitigating ammonia emissions during electric field composting and elucidates its underlying mechanism of action. This study offers a fresh research perspective and provides empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of aerobic compost additives in reducing ammonia emissions.

[1] Chen H., Awasthi S. K., Liu T., et al. Effects of microbial culture and chicken manure biochar on compost maturity and greenhouse gas emissions during chicken manure composting [J]. J Hazard Mater, 2020, 389: 121908.

[2] Wang R., Zhao Y., Xie X., et al. Role of NH(3) recycling on nitrogen fractions during sludge composting [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2020, 295: 122175.

[3] Nie Y., Wang M., Zhang W., et al. Ammonium nitrogen content is a dominant predictor of bacterial community composition in an acidic forest soil with exogenous nitrogen enrichment [J]. Sci Total Environ, 2018, 624: 407-15.

[4] Fu T., Shangguan H., Wu J., et al. Insight into the synergistic effects of conductive biochar for accelerating maturation during electric field-assisted aerobic composting [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2021, 337: 125359.

[5] 第二次全国污染源普查公报 [J]. 环境保护, 2020, 48(18): 8-10.

[6] 张永泽. 污泥与秸秆好氧堆肥产热系统的研究 [D]; 太原理工大学, 2022.

[7] 陈冠侨. 生活有机垃圾处理新工艺的改进研究 [J]. 现代商贸工业, 2019, 40(14): 208-10.

[8] 蔡函臻. 添加剂调质对污泥堆肥的影响及其产品的农用 [D]; 西北农林科技大学, 2017.

[9] 武一奇. 污泥好氧堆肥工艺条件对氮素损失的影响研究 [D]; 哈尔滨工业大学, 2016.

[10] 刘惠敏. 污泥堆肥过程中温室气体排放和氮素损失控制工艺优化研究 [D]; 哈尔滨工业大学, 2017.

[11] 周顺熙. 生物炭和锰矿联用对市政污水污泥好氧堆肥的影响及其机制研究 [D]; 青岛大学, 2022.

[12] Nordahl S. L., Preble C. V., Kirchstetter T. W., et al. Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollutant Emissions from Composting [J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2023.

[13] Bernal M. P., Alburquerque J. A., Moral R. Composting of animal manures and chemical criteria for compost maturity assessment. A review [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2009, 100(22): 5444-53.

[14] 蒲俊华, 卢建, 赵华轩, et al. 发酵饲料对蛋鸡粪便堆肥氨气排放与微生物群落的影响 [J]. 农业环境科学学报: 1-18.

[15] 刘龙, 孔德国, 周岭, et al. 生物炭粒径对猪粪好氧堆肥中养分影响 [J]. 节水灌溉, 2023, (12): 34-40+50.

[16] 成志远, 邱慧珍, 苏杨琴, et al. 添加剂对堆肥温室气体排放和碳素转化的影响 [J]. 环境科学与技术, 2023, 46(09): 167-77.

[17] F.N.Reece, B.J.Bates, B.D.LOTT. Ammonia Control in Broiler Houses [J]. Poultry Science, 1978, (58): 754-5.

[18] Liu W., Huo R., Xu J., et al. Effects of biochar on nitrogen transformation and heavy metals in sludge composting [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2017, 235: 43-9.

[19] Shan G., Li W., Gao Y., et al. Additives for reducing nitrogen loss during composting: A review [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 307.

[20] Shen C., Shangguan H., Fu T., et al. Electric field-assisted aerobic co-composting of chicken manure and kitchen waste: Ammonia mitigation and maturation enhancement [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2024, 391(Pt A): 129931.

[21] Liu Y., Xu J., Li X., et al. Synergistic effects of Fe-based nanomaterial catalyst on humic substances formation and microplastics mitigation during sewage sludge composting [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2024, 395: 130371.

[22] Cao Y., Wang X., Zhang X., et al. Nitrifier denitrification dominates nitrous oxide production in composting and can be inhibited by a bioelectrochemical nitrification inhibitor [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2021, 341: 125851.

[23] Tong B., Wang X., Wang S., et al. Transformation of nitrogen and carbon during composting of manure litter with different methods [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2019, 293: 122046.

[24] Chang R., Li Y., Chen Q., et al. Comparing the effects of three in situ methods on nitrogen loss control, temperature dynamics and maturity during composting of agricultural wastes with a stage of temperatures over 70  degrees C [J]. J Environ Manage, 2019, 230: 119-27.

[25] Khan N., Clark I., Sanchez-Monedero M. A., et al. Maturity indices in co-composting of chicken manure and sawdust with biochar [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2014, 168: 245-51.

[26] Akdeniz N. A systematic review of biochar use in animal waste composting [J]. Waste Manag, 2019, 88: 291-300.

[27] Yuan J., Li Y., Chen S., et al. Effects of phosphogypsum, superphosphate, and dicyandiamide on gaseous emission and compost quality during sewage sludge composting [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2018, 270: 368-76.

[28] Wang J., Wang S. Preparation, modification and environmental application of biochar: A review [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 227: 1002-22.

[29] Agegnehu G., Srivastava A. K., Bird Michael I. The role of biochar and biochar-compost in improving soil quality and crop performance: A review [J]. Applied Soil Ecology, 2017, 119: 156-70.

[30] 魏晶晶. 生物炭添加对牛粪堆肥过程中养分固持和有害气体减排的影响 [D], 2021.

[31] Zhu L., Yang H., Zhao Y., et al. Biochar combined with montmorillonite amendments increase bioavailable organic nitrogen and reduce nitrogen loss during composting [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2019, 294: 122224.

[32] Awasthi M. K., Duan Y., Awasthi S. K., et al. Influence of bamboo biochar on mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and nitrogen loss during poultry manure composting [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2020, 303: 122952.

[33] Yang Y., Kumar Awasthi M., Wu L., et al. Microbial driving mechanism of biochar and bean dregs on NH(3) and N(2)O emissions during composting [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2020, 315: 123829.

[34] Zhou Y., Xiao R., Klammsteiner T., et al. Recent trends and advances in composting and vermicomposting technologies: A review [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2022, 360: 127591.

[35] Vandecasteele B., Sinicco T., D'Hose T., et al. Biochar amendment before or after composting affects compost quality and N losses, but not P plant uptake [J]. J Environ Manage, 2016, 168: 200-9.

[36] W. Munthali M., P. Kabwadza-Corner, Erni. J, et al. Decrease in Cation Exchange Capacity of Zeolites at Neutral pH: Examples and Proposals of a Determination Method [J]. Journal of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, 2014, 02(08): 1-5.

[37] Awasthi M. K., Wang Q., Huang H., et al. Influence of zeolite and lime as additives on greenhouse gas emissions and maturity evolution during sewage sludge composting [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2016, 216: 172-81.

[38] A. M. Lefcourt J. J. Meisinger. Effect of Adding Alum or Zeolite to Dairy Slurry on Ammonia Volatilization and Chemical Composition [J]. American Dairy Science Association, 2001, 84: 1814-21.

[39] J. Aydin K., G. Amir, A. Majid, et al. Comparison among Different Integrated Nutrition Management for Soil Micro and Macro Elements after Winter Wheat Harvesting and Yield [J]. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 2010, 2: 107-11.

[40] Kumar Awasthi M., Wang M., Pandey A., et al. Heterogeneity of zeolite combined with biochar properties as a function of sewage sludge composting and production of nutrient-rich compost [J]. Waste Manag, 2017, 68: 760-73.

[41] Wang Y., Lu D., Xiao J., et al. Superionic conduction and interfacial properties of the low temperature phase Li7P2S8Br0.5I0.5 [J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2019, 19: 80-7.

[42] Li Y. B., Liu T., Song J. L., et al. Effects of chemical additives on emissions of ammonia and greenhouse gas during sewage sludge composting [J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2020, 143: 129-37.

[43] Pan J., Cai H., Zhang Z., et al. Comparative evaluation of the use of acidic additives on sewage sludge composting quality improvement, nitrogen conservation, and greenhouse gas reduction [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2018, 270: 467-75.

[44] Farha O. K., Eryazici I., Jeong N. C., et al. Metal-organic framework materials with ultrahigh surface areas: is the sky the limit? [J]. J Am Chem Soc, 2012, 134(36): 15016-21.

[45] 李云蓓, 刘婷婷, 姜继韶, et al. 原位固氮剂在污泥堆肥过程中保氮机制 [J]. 化工进展, 2020, 39(07): 2876-83.

[46] 唐尙柱, 赵晓海, 斯鑫鑫, et al. 不同镁/磷盐添加剂对蓝藻堆肥的氮素损失控制效果 [J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2021, 40(02): 428-35.

[47] Xie K., Jia X., Xu P., et al. Improved composting of poultry feces via supplementation with ammonia oxidizing archaea [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2012, 120: 70-7.

[48] Tang J., Li X., Zhao W., et al. Electric field induces electron flow to simultaneously enhance the maturity of aerobic composting and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2019, 279: 234-42.

[49] Fu T., Shangguan H., Shen C., et al. Moisture migration driven by the electric field causes the directional differentiation of compost maturity [J]. Sci Total Environ, 2022, 811: 152415.

[50] Cao Y., Wang X., Zhang X., et al. The effects of electric field assisted composting on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions varied with different electrolytes [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2022, 344(Pt A): 126194.

[51] A. Khan N., Z. Hasan, Jhung S. H. Adsorptive removal of hazardous materials using metal-organic frameworks (MOFs): A review [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2013, 244-245: 444-56.

[52] Meng J., Liu X., Niu C., et al. Advances in metal-organic framework coatings: versatile synthesis and broad applications [J]. Chem Soc Rev, 2020, 49(10): 3142-86.

[53] 刘小华, 陈杨, 李金龙, et al. 多孔材料M-MOF-74(M=Mg,Co,Ni)的成型及CO2/N2分离性能研究 [J]. 太原理工大学学报, 2022, 53(03): 474-81.

[54] 冯婉茹. MOF/多孔聚合物复合材料制备及其CH4/N2吸附分离性能研究 [D], 2021.

[55] 强瑜. Ce-MOF衍生的多孔碳界面耦合UiO-67荧光检测谷物中的草甘膦 [D]; 西北农林科技大学, 2022.

[56] 孙官亮. 多功能MOF基-贵金属多孔复合材料构筑及其光电应用研究 [D]; 齐鲁工业大学, 2022.

[57] Zhang D., Zhou H., Ding J., et al. Potential of novel iron 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylate loaded on biochar to reduce ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions and its associated biological mechanism during composting [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2024, 396: 130424.

[58] M. Zeraati, V. Alizadeh, P. Kazemzadeh, et al. A new nickel metal organic framework (Ni-MOF) porous nanostructure as a potential novel electrochemical sensor for detecting glucose [J]. Journal of Porous Materials, 2021, 29(1): 257-67.

[59] 王爱梅. MOF衍生多孔碳负载铁基费托合成催化剂的制备与性能研究 [D]; 北京化工大学, 2022.

[60] R. Kaur, A. Kaur, A. Umar, et al. Metal organic framework (MOF) porous octahedral nanocrystals of Cu-BTC: Synthesis, properties and enhanced adsorption properties [J]. Materials Research Bulletin, 2019, 109: 124-33.

[61] 张洪雪. 多孔石墨烯//MOF衍生过渡金属磷化物非对称超级电容器的应用 [D]; 东北林业大学, 2022.

[62] 张小艺. Ni-MOF/多孔碳基复合材料的制备及其吸波性能研究 [D]; 青岛大学, 2022.

[63] P. Brandt, A. Nuhnen, S. Öztürk, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Different MOF and Non‐MOF Porous Materials for SO2 Adsorption and Separation Showing the Importance of Small Pore Diameters for Low‐Pressure Uptake [J]. Advanced Sustainable Systems, 2021, 5(4).

[64] Li X., Li Y., Huang Y., et al. Organic sponge photocatalysis [J]. Green Chemistry, 2017, 19(13): 2925-30.

[65] T. Zhang, W. Liang, Y. Huang, et al. Bifunctional organic sponge photocatalyst for efficient cross-dehydrogenative coupling of tertiary amines to ketones [J]. Chemical Communications, 2017, 53(93): 12536-9.

[66] Martínez-Ahumada Eva, López-Olvera Alfredo, Jancik Vojtech, et al. MOF Materials for the Capture of Highly Toxic H2S and SO2 [J]. Organometallics, 2020, 39(7): 883-915.

[67] Zhou Wenying, Li Ting, Yuan Mengxue, et al. Decoupling of inter-particle polarization and intra-particle polarization in core-shell structured nanocomposites towards improved dielectric performance [J]. Energy Storage Materials, 2021, 42: 1-11.

[68] Islamoglu T., Chen Z., Wasson M. C., et al. Metal-Organic Frameworks against Toxic Chemicals [J]. Chem Rev, 2020, 120(16): 8130-60.

[69] Chen Yang, Li Libo, Yang Jiangfeng, et al. Reversible flexible structural changes in multidimensional MOFs by guest molecules (I2, NH3) and thermal stimulation [J]. Journal of Solid State Chemistry, 2015, 226: 114-9.

[70] Chen Yang, Du Yadan, Liu Puxu, et al. Removal of Ammonia Emissions via Reversible Structural Transformation in M(BDC) (M = Cu, Zn, Cd) Metal–Organic Frameworks [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2020, 54(6): 3636-42.

[71] Bai M., Impraim R., Coates T., et al. Lignite effects on NH3, N2O, CO2 and CH4 emissions during composting of manure [J]. J Environ Manage, 2020, 271: 110960.

[72] Li Xiangshuai, Tanyan Siyang, Xie Songjiang, et al. A 3D porous PDMS sponge embedded with carbon nanoparticles for solar driven interfacial evaporation [J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2022, 292.

[73] Shou Z., Yuan H., Shen Y., et al. Mitigating inhibition of undissociated volatile fatty acids (VFAs) for enhanced sludge-rice bran composting with ferric nitrate amendment [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2017, 244(Pt 1): 672-8.

[74] Jia F., Zhao D., Shu M., et al. Co-doped Fe-MIL-100 as an adsorbent for tetracycline removal from aqueous solution [J]. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 2022, 29(36): 55026-38.

[75] 孙越. 微塑料对牛粪好氧堆肥的影响及其降解研究 [D], 2022.

[76] 曲京博. 生物炭对沼渣好氧堆肥的影响机制及肥效评价 [D], 2021.

[77] Agyarko-Mintah E., Cowie A., Singh B. P., et al. Biochar increases nitrogen retention and lowers greenhouse gas emissions when added to composting poultry litter [J]. Waste Manag, 2017, 61: 138-49.

[78] Li R., Wang Q., Zhang Z., et al. Nutrient transformation during aerobic composting of pig manure with biochar prepared at different temperatures [J]. Environ Technol, 2015, 36(5-8): 815-26.

[79] 王权. 添加剂对猪粪好氧堆肥过程的影响及其机制研究 [D], 2018.

[80] 陈星. 利用发芽指数评价堆肥腐熟度方法研究 [D], 2022.

[81] 李思雨. 市政污泥好氧堆肥氮素转化及氨气控制研究 [D], 2022.

[82] Zhou S., Jia P., Xu W., et al. A novel composting system for mitigating ammonia emissions and producing nitrogen-rich organic fertilizer [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2023, 386: 129455.

[83] Jinpeng Xiong, Qianting Zhuo, Zhuolin Shi, et al. Multivariate and multiscale investigation of ammonia production and emission mechanisms during membrane-covered cattle manure/wheat straw aerobic composting [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 478.

[84] 王岩松. 城镇污水污泥好氧覆膜堆肥与资源化利用研究 [D], 2023.

[85] Chen Zhou, Zhang Shenghua, Li Yanzeng, et al. Investigating nitrous oxide emissions and mechanisms in kitchen waste composting with leachate reuse [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 476.

[86] Yang Q., Yang T., Shi Y., et al. The nitrogen removal characterization of a cold-adapted bacterium: Bacillus simplex H-b [J]. Bioresour Technol, 2021, 323: 124554.