~硅橡胶泡沫（SRF）因为结合了硅橡胶材料和泡沫材料的优异特性，已被广泛应用。但是由于其侧链的可燃性和内部形成的泡孔结构，发生火灾时会产生大量浓烟，威胁人员健康和安全，所以必须对其进行阻燃抑烟处理。可膨胀石墨（GIC）是一种结合炭源和气源为一体的无机阻燃剂，并且价格低廉、绿色环保，已被应用于许多高分子泡沫材料中。但GIC在单独使用时形成的“蠕虫”状炭层较为稀疏、松散，不能起到良好的阻燃抑烟效果。硼酸锌（ZB）具有抑烟、无毒、促进成炭等优势，在硅橡胶材料中有着良好的阻燃抑烟效果，并且与膨胀型阻燃剂配合使用时具有优异的协同阻燃抑烟效果。Fe2O3具有强力的协效作用，在其他高分子材料中已经展现出了良好的阻燃抑烟能力，但目前还未在SRF材料中进行应用。为此，本研究以提升SRF的阻燃抑烟性能为目标，采用石墨插层技术将ZB引入GIC层间形成新型阻燃剂改性可膨胀石墨（ZB-GIC），利用ZB高温下形成的熔融态液体填补GIC膨胀之后形成的缝隙，强化炭层，从而提升GIC的阻燃抑烟性能。并将ZB-GIC与Fe2O3加入到SRF中，采用多种测试方法系统地研究了ZB-GIC/Fe2O3对SRF阻燃抑烟性能的影响，并揭示了其阻燃抑烟机理。主要创新性成果如下：
（1）通过石墨插层技术将ZB引入GIC层间，成功制备出新型阻燃剂ZB-GIC。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、激光粒度分析和傅里叶转换红外光谱（FTIR）测试表明，ZB-GIC的层间距离明显变大，由2.931 Å增大至2.972 Å，粒径也明显变大，FTIR光谱中新出现的峰位置对应的是物质为ZB和磷酸，证明ZB-GIC制备成功。
（2）通过水平垂直燃烧测试（UL-94）、氧指数测试、锥形量热仪和万能拉伸试验机对GIC/SRF和ZB-GIC/SRF的阻燃抑烟性能和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明，ZB-GIC对SRF材料的阻燃抑烟效果明显优于GIC。5%ZB-GIC/SRF的阻燃抑烟性能最佳，达到了UL-94 V0级，极限氧指数（LOI）提升至42.6%，热释放速率（HRR）、总热释放量（THR）、烟气释放速率（SPR）和总烟释放量（TSP）也均有明显降低。ZB-GIC与GIC会在一定程度削弱SRF的拉伸性能，但ZB-GIC比GIC能更大程度的提升材料的压缩性能。
（3）通过UL-94、LOI测试、锥形量热仪和万能拉伸试验机对Fe2O3/SRF和ZB-GIC/Fe2O3/SRF的阻燃抑烟性能和力学性能进行了研究。结果表明，Fe2O3单独添加时具有良好的抑烟性能，但是阻燃效果差，5%Fe2O3/SRF的综合性能最佳。当两者复配时，5%ZB-GIC/5%Fe2O3/SRF的阻燃性抑烟效果最佳，达到了UL-94 V0级，LOI值为44.2%，热释放速率峰值（PkHRR）降低了67.42%，THR降低了89.55%，烟气释放速率峰值（PSPR）下降了76.86%，TSP下降了91.81%，对CO和CO2也有一定的抑制效果。当复配总含量不超过10%时，对SRF材料的拉伸性能几乎没有影响，但可以小幅提升SRF材料的抗压强度。
（4）利用SEM、热重分析（TGA）和热重红外联用（TG-FTIR）对SRF、5%ZB-GIC/SRF、5%Fe2O3/SRF和5%ZB-GIC/5%Fe2O3/SRF的宏观与微观残炭形貌、热稳定性和热解产物进行研究，从凝聚相和气相两方面揭示其阻燃抑烟机理。结果表明，两者复配可以使SRF的炭渣更为致密、紧实，能够更好地延迟分解温度，大幅度提升SRF材料的热稳定性。5%ZB-GIC/SRF的残炭量较纯增加了3.28%，5%Fe2O3/SRF的残炭量提升了6.07%；5%ZB-GIC/5%Fe2O3/SRF的残炭量提高了12.11%。ZB-GIC/Fe2O3主要在凝聚相起阻燃抑烟作用，ZB-GIC与Fe2O3复配形成的高强度炭层具有隔热、隔氧的作用，并且会阻止燃烧产生的烟气和热量逸出。此外，在气相方面，两者复配会释放更多的不可燃气体，降低SRF材料基体内部的可燃气体浓度，从而达到良好的阻燃抑烟效果。

~Silicone rubber foam (SRF) has been widely used because it combines the excellent properties of silicone rubber material and foam material. However, due to the flammability of its side chain and the bubble structure formed inside, a large amount of smoke will be generated in the event of fire, threatening the health and safety of personnel. Therefore, it must be treated with fire retardant and smoke suppression. Expandable graphite (GIC) is a kind of flame retardant which combines carbon source and gas source. It is cheap and green, and has been applied in many polymer foam materials. However, the "worm" carbon layer formed by GIC when used alone is sparse and loose, which cannot play a good flame retardant and smoke suppression effect. Zinc borate (ZB) has the advantages of smoke suppression, non-toxicity and promotion of carbon formation. It has a good flame retardant and smoke suppression effect in silicone rubber materials, and has an excellent synergistic flame retardant and smoke suppression effect when combined with the expansion flame retardant. Fe2O3 has strong synergistic effect and has shown good flame retardancy and smoke suppression ability in other polymer materials, but it has not been applied in SRF materials. Therefore, in order to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of SRF, this study adopts graphite intercalation technology to introduce ZB into GIC layers to form a new flame retardancy modified expandable graphite (ZB-GIC), and uses the molten liquid formed under high temperature of ZB to fill the gap formed after GIC expansion to strengthen the carbon layer, so as to improve the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance of GIC. The effect of ZB-GIC/Fe2O3 on SRF flame retardancy and smoke suppression was systematically studied by using various test methods, and the mechanism of flame retardancy and smoke suppression was revealed. The main innovative achievements are as follows:
(1)ZB was introduced into GIC layers by graphite intercalation technology to form a new flame retardant ZB-GIC. SEM, XRD, laser particle size analysis and FTIR test show that the interlayer distance of ZB-GIC was obviously increased from 2.931Å to 2.972Å, and the particle size was obviously larger. The new peak positions correspond to ZB and phosphoric acid, which proved that ZB-GIC had been successfully prepared.
(2)Flame retardant and smoke suppression performance and mechanical performance of GIC/SRF and ZB-GIC/SRF were studied by horizontal and vertical combustion test (UL-94), oxygen index test, conical calorimeter and universal tensile testing machine. The results showed that ZB-GIC was better than GIC in flame retardancy and smoke suppression of SRF materials. The flame retardance and smoke suppression performance of 5%ZB-GIC/SRF was the best, reaching UL-94 V0 rating, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased to 42.6%, and the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release rate (THR), smoke release rate (SPR) and total smoke release rate (TSP) decreased obviously. ZB-GIC and GIC weaken the tensile properties of SRF to a certain extent, but ZB-GIC can improve the compressive strength of materials to a greater extent than GIC.
(3)Flame retardant and smoke suppression performance and mechanical performance of Fe2O3/SRF and ZB-GIC/Fe2O3/SRF were studied by UL-94, LOI test, cone calorimeter and universal tensile testing machine. The results showed that Fe2O3 alone has good smoke suppression performance, but poor flame retardant effect, 5%Fe2O3/SRF has the best comprehensive performance. When combined with 5%ZB-GIC/5%Fe2O3/SRF, the flame retardance and smoke suppression effect of 5%ZB-GIC/5%Fe2O3/SRF was the best, reaching UL-94 V0 rating, LOI value was 44.2%, peak heat release rate (PkHRR) decreased 67.42%, THR decreased 89.55%. The peak emission rate (PSPR) and TSP decreased by 76.86% and 91.81% respectively, which also had certain inhibition effect on CO and CO2. When the total compound content was less than 10%, the tensile properties of SRF materials were almost not affected, and the compressive strength of SRF materials could be slightly improved.
(4)The macro-morphology and micro-morphology of carbon slags were analyzed by digital camera and SEM, and the thermal stability and pyrolysis products of SRF, 5%ZB-GIC/SRF, 5%Fe2O3/SRF and 5%ZB-GIC/5%Fe2O3/SRF were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermogravimetric-fourier infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). The results showed that the carbon residue of SRF could be made denser and more compact by the combination of the two, which could delay the decomposition temperature better and greatly improved the thermal stability of SRF materials. ZB-GIC/Fe2O3 mainly played the role of flame retardant and smoke suppression in condensed phase, and the high-strength carbon layer formed by the combination of ZB-GIC and Fe2O3 had the functions of heat insulation and oxygen isolation, and could prevent the smoke and heat generated by combustion from escaping. In addition, in the gas phase, the combination of the them would release more non-combustible gas and reduce the concentration of combustible gas in SRF matrix, thus achieving excellent flame retardant and smoke suppression effect.

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