低阶煤属于易自燃煤种，在开采和使用过程面临着严峻的火灾安全问题，因此低阶煤的自燃是亟待解决的难题。近年来，学者们提出了许多煤自燃阻化技术，其中利用阻化剂被认为是最有效的方法，离子液体具有低蒸气压和良好的热稳定性，是一种新型绿色的煤自燃阻化剂。本文设计并合成了3种单咪唑类和3种双咪唑类离子液体，比较了其抑制新疆低阶煤自燃的能力，并研究了离子液体对煤样的结构和性质的影响，分析了离子液体抑制煤自燃的机理。

主要工作如下：

(1) 单/双咪唑类离子液体合成的工艺条件研究和结构表征

合成了3种单咪唑类离子液体[Bmim][F] (a), [Bmim][CF₃COO] (b)和[Bmim][BF₄] (c),和3种双咪唑类离子液体[C₄(mim)₂][F]₂ (aa), [C₄(mim)₂][CF₃COO]₂ (bb)和[C₄(mim)₂][BF₄]₂ (cc)。研究了搅拌速度、反应温度和反应时间对6种离子液体产率的影响，其中反应时间对离子液体的产率影响最大，得到合成6种离子液体的最佳搅拌转速为600-700 rpm，最佳反应温度为60-70 ℃，最佳反应时间为14-24 h，在此条件下离子液体的产率较高。利用¹H NMR、¹³C NMR、¹⁹F NMR和FTIR对合成的6种离子液体的结构进行表征，发现6种离子液体的核磁共振图谱中H、C、F吸收峰的位置和数量与理论值相同，且红外光谱中均出现了对应官能团的吸收峰，说明合成的6种离子液体与预期的结构相一致。

(2) 离子液体处理前后煤样的自燃过程研究

借助热重和差热实验研究了离子液体处理前后煤样的自燃过程，发现经6种离子液体处理后，煤样的着火点(T₃)、最大失重速率点(T₄)和燃尽点(T₅)均提高20 ℃以上，自燃过程的总放热值降低3.66-6.72 kJ•g^-1，表明6种离子液体对煤自燃均有较好的抑制能力，且抑制自燃能力大小顺序为c>b>a、cc>bb>aa、cc>c、bb>b、aa>a，说明双咪唑型阳离子抑制煤自燃能力强于单咪唑型阳离子，三种阴离子的抑制能力大小为[BF₄]^- >[CF₃COO]^- >[F]^-。

对离子液体处理前后的煤样进行工业分析、元素分析、热值分析、润湿性分析和孔隙结构分析，结果表明：经6种离子液体处理后，煤中的水分、灰分、氢含量和硫含量降低，碳含量和热值升高，且煤的亲水性变弱，比表面积增大，平均孔径变小，中孔数量增多。

(3) 离子液体处理前后煤样的分子结构及阻燃机理研究

采用XRD和FTIR技术研究了离子液体处理前后煤样的微晶结构和分子结构参数的变化，结果表明：6种离子液体处理后，煤样的芳香层间距(d₀₀₂)减小，平均微晶直径(L_a)、平均微晶高度(L_c)和芳香层数(N)值均增大，且煤样的H_al/H，f_a和I值均增大，而A(CH₂)/A(CH₃)、DOC和‘C’值均减小，说明6种离子液体均能破坏煤中的烷基、烷基两侧的官能团和含氧官能团，使煤中的脂肪链变短，且破坏能力强弱顺序与其抑制煤自燃的能力相同。

6种离子液体中，cc抑制煤自燃的能力最强，采用核磁共振和红外光谱对原煤和cc处理后煤样进行表征，发现原煤的芳香骨架以萘为主，cc处理后煤样的芳香骨架以蒽和菲为主，原煤和cc处理后煤样中的脂肪族结构以-CH₂和-CH₃形式存在，含氧官能团主要以羟基(-OH)、醚氧基(C-O)、羧基(-COOH)和羰基(C=O)等形式存在，且原煤中的脂肪族和含氧官能团较丰富。借助ChemDraw和gNMR软件构建并优化，最终得到了原煤和cc处理后煤样的分子模型，从模型可直观看到，离子液体通过破坏煤中的-OH、-CH₂、-COOH等官能团抑制煤的自燃。

Low rank coal is easily to spontaneous combustion, which is faced with severe fire problems in the process lor='red'>of mining. Therefore, the spontaneous combustion lor='red'>of low rank coal is a difficult problem to be solved. In recent years, numerous technologies have been proposed by scholars to inhibit the coal spontaneous combustion, among them, spraying inhibitors are considered to be the most effective method. Ionic liquids which have low vapor pressure and high thermal stabilities, are a new inhibitor lor='red'>of coal spontaneous combustion. In this paper, three monocationic and three dicationic imidazolium based ionic liquids were designed and synthesized. The inhibition abilities on spontaneous combustion lor='red'>of Xinjiang low rank coal lor='red'>of six ionic liquids were compared. The effects lor='red'>of ionic liquids on structure and properties lor='red'>of coal samples were studied, and the inhibition mechanisms lor='red'>of ionic liquids were analyzed.

The main work is as follows:

(1) The synthesis conditions and structural characterization lor='red'>of monocationic and dicationic imidazolium based ionic liquids.

Three imidazolium based ionic liquids containing [Bmim][F] (a), [Bmim][CF₃COO] (b), [Bmim][BF₄] (c), and three dicationic imidazolium based ionic liquids including [C₄(mim)₂][F]₂ (aa), [C₄(mim)₂][CF₃COO]₂ (bb), [C₄(mim)₂][BF₄]₂ (cc). were synthesized. The effects lor='red'>of stirring speed, reaction temperature and reaction time on the yield lor='red'>of six kinds lor='red'>of ionic liquids were studied, especially the reaction time have the greatest effect on the yield lor='red'>of ionic liquids. The optimum stirring speed for the synthesis lor='red'>of six kinds lor='red'>of ionic liquids was 600-700 rpm, the optimal reaction temperature was 60-70 ℃, the optimal reaction time was 14-24 h. The ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, ¹⁹F NMR and FTIR spectra lor='red'>of six kinds lor='red'>of ionic liquids were obtained by NMR and FTIR technologies. It was found that the positions and numbers lor='red'>of H, C and F absorption peaks in the NMR spectra lor='red'>of the six synthesized ionic liquids were all the same as the theoretical value, and the characteristic functional groups lor='red'>of the corresponding structures all appeared in the FTIR spectra, which indicated that the six synthesized ionic liquids were consistent with the expected structures.

(2) Study on spontaneous combustion process lor='red'>of coal samples before and after treated by ionic liquids.

The spontaneous combustion process lor='red'>of coal samples before and after treated by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry experiments. It indicated that the ignition points (T₃), maximum mass loss rate points (T₄), and burnout points (T₅) lor='red'>of coal samples treated by six kinds lor='red'>of ionic liquids all increased over 20 ℃, and the total heat release value decreased by 3.66-6.72 kJ•g^-1. The results showed that all six synthesized ionic liquids have good inhibition on coal spontaneous combustion and the relationships lor='red'>of inhibition abilities among them were cc>c, bb>b, aa>a, c>b>a, cc>bb>aa, cc>bb>c>aa>b>a, indicating that the inhibition abilities on coal spontaneous combustion lor='red'>of dicationic imidazolium based ionic liquids were stonger than that lor='red'>of those monocationic imidazolium based ionic liquids, and the order lor='red'>of inhibition abilities among three anions was [BF₄]^->[CF₃COO]^->[F]^-.

The analyses lor='red'>of proximate, ultimate, heat value, wettability and pore structure lor='red'>of coal samples showed that the water, ash, hydrogen and sulfur content in coal have been reduced, carbon content and heat value have been increased, wettability have became weaker, average pore size have been decreased, specific surface area and the number lor='red'>of mesopores have been increased after treated by six kinds lor='red'>of ionic liquids.

(3) Study on molecular structure lor='red'>of coal samples before and after treated by ionic liquids and the mechanisms lor='red'>of inhibiting coal spontaneous combustion.

XRD and FTIR technologies were used to study the changes lor='red'>of microcrystalline structure and molecular structure parameters lor='red'>of coal samples. The results showed that the aromatic layer spacing (d₀₀₂) decreased, the average microcrystalline diameter (L_a), the average microcrystalline height (L_c) and the number lor='red'>of aromatic layers (N) lor='red'>of coal samples increased after six ionic liquids treatments. Moreover, the H_al/H, f_a and I, A(CH₂)/A(CH₃), DOC and 'C' lor='red'>of coal samples all increased, indicating that the six kinds lor='red'>of ionic liquids can destroy the alkyl group, the functional groups on both sides lor='red'>of the alkyl group and the oxygen-containing functional groups in coals, and the aliphatic chains also became shorter. The orders lor='red'>of destroying abilities among six kinds lor='red'>of ionic liquids were the same as the abilities lor='red'>of inhibiting coal spontaneous combustion.

Among six kinds lor='red'>of ionic liquids, cc has the strongest inhibition ability on coal spontaneous combustion. The structure parameters lor='red'>of aromatic skeleton and functional groups lor='red'>of raw coal and cc-tr were obtained by NMR and FTIR technologies. The aromatic skeleton lor='red'>of raw coal and cc-tr were mainly naphthalene and anthracene, phenanthrene, respectively. The aliphatic structure lor='red'>of raw coal and cc-tr existed in the form lor='red'>of -CH₂ and - CH₃, the oxygen-containing functional groups mainly existed in the form lor='red'>of hydroxyl (-OH), ether oxygen (C-O), carboxyl (-COOH) and carbonyl (C=O), the aliphatic and oxygen-containing functional groups in raw coal were rich. With the help lor='red'>of ChemDraw and gNMR slor='red'>oftwares, the molecular models lor='red'>of raw coal and cc-tr were constructed and optimized. It can be seen that ionic liquids inhibited spontaneous combustion lor='red'>of Xinjiang low rank coal mainly by destroying -OH, -CH₂, -COOH groups in coals.

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