近年来，城镇化快速发展促使土地利用类型发生了明显变化。由于城市发展对用地需求增加，原有植被和水体区域逐渐被建设用地所侵占。城镇化发展使工矿企业的增加和城市人口数量的剧增，必然向城市排放更多的废气和热量，这些因素导致城市地表温度成逐年升高趋势，从而严重威胁到人类生存环境质量。西安市作为“一带一路”的起点，逐步发展成为国际大都市，城市用地不断向外扩张，导致大量植被及水体区域成为建设用地，工矿企业及城市人口快速增长，城市环境质量有所下降。因此，开展西安市地表温度时空变化及驱动力研究对城市可持续科学发展意义重大，以期为西安市生态保护提供重要的指导意义。本文采用遥感(RS)和地理信息系统技术(GIS)对2005年、2010年、2016年和2021年四期Landsat夏季遥感影像进行处理，从中提取到土地利用、植被覆盖度(FVC)、归一化建筑指数(NDBI)和改进归一化差异水体指数(MNDWI)等数据，再结合人口密度、夜间灯光和兴趣点(POI)数据，利用地表温度反演模型、景观格局指数、双变量空间自相关和地理探测器等方法研究西安市主城区地表温度时空演变特征及驱动力，结果表明：

（1）通过2005年、2010年、2016年和2021年遥感影像数据源分析发现，西安市主城区土地利用变化显著，除建设用地面积有所增加外，其它地类均表现出减少的趋势。耕地面积减少最多，2005年至2010年间耕地共减少39.72km²、2010至2021年间耕地共减少59.43km²，2005至2021年间耕地转为建设用地117.17km²。水域变化次之，2005至2021年间共减少17.27km²。林地减少最少，共减少16.56km²。综合土地利用变化从1.38%减少到1.04%，说明增长趋势减缓。

（2）利用2005年、2010年、2016年和2021年四期遥感影像数据，引入辐射传输方程模型反演得到西安市主城区相应年度地表温度，并采用均值-标准差法将其划分为高温区、次高温区、中温区、次低温区、低温区5个等级区域。通过对比分析实验结果发现，2005-2021年期间，次高温区域、高温区域面积有所上升，低温区域、中低温区域和中温区域面积有所下降。主城区的热环境方向主轴转为“东北-西南”走向，总体上标准差椭圆的扁率有所下降。与2005年相比，2021年西安市主城区热力景观的优势性逐渐散失，但低温区、中温区与高温区的优势性扩大。2021年的城市热力景观形状相对于2005年趋于规则化，但中温区和次高温区的热力景观形状趋于复杂。热力景观具有破碎化发展的趋势，低温区、次低温区和次高温区是发生破碎化的主要区域。同时，热力景观多样性增加，其中高温区热力景观丰富度变化最显著。

（3）通过遥感影像反演结果对比土地利用类型分析发现，土地利用类型的不同对地表温度的影响作用也不同，且差异性较为显著。综合统计2005年、2010年、2016年和2021年四期数据实验结果发现：建设用地的地表平均温度最大，水域的地表平均温度最低，同一年份不同土地利用类型中地表温度的最大平均值和最小平均值相差较大，最大相差达到6℃左右；高程与地表温度在空间上具有负相关关系，高程由西北向东南逐步增加，地表温度由西北向东南逐步减小；植被覆盖度与地表温度在空间上呈现负相关关系；归一化建筑指数与地表温度之间呈正相关关系；改进归一化差异水体指数与地表温度呈现负相关关系；人口密度、夜间灯光和POI核密度与地表温度在空间上存在正相关关系。

（4）利用地理探测器模型分析2005、2021年两期数据城市热环境相关因子的影响力q和显著水平p。2005年，各驱动因子的影响力从大到小依次为NDBI>FVC>MNDWI>夜间灯光>POI密度>人口密度>土地利用>高程；2021年，从大到小依次为NDBI>FVC>MNDWI>夜间灯光>高程>POI密度>人口密度>土地利用。两期探测因子的p值同样均为0，说明探测因子对地表温度影响显著。对比2005、2021年q值发现，2021年相较2005年各驱动因素的解释力有所变化。与单因子相比，所有驱动因子交互后对地表温度具有协同增强的作用，其作用力都高于70%，并以非线性增强的方式而增长。

研究结果表明城市扩张侵占了植被覆盖区，城市热环境重心“东北-西南”迁移，并对热环境相关影响因子进行科学排序。研究结果对西安市主城区的现状以及未来发展都具有一定的参考价值，可为合理地进行城市规划布局提供科学依据。

In recent years, the rapid development of urbanization has led to significant changes in the type of land use. Due to the increasing demand for land for urban development, the original vegetation and water area are gradually occupied by construction land. As a result of urbanization development, the increase of industrial and mining enterprises and the sharp increase of urban population will inevitably emit more heat and waste gas to the city. These factors lead to the rising trend of urban surface temperature year by year, which seriously threatens the quality of human living environment. Xi 'an, as the starting point of "The Belt and Road", has gradually developed into an international metropolis, and the urban land has continuously expanded, resulting in a large number of vegetation and water areas becoming construction land, rapid growth of industrial and mining enterprises and urban population, and a decline in urban environmental quality. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the spatio-temporal variation and driving force of Xi 'an land surface temperature for the sustainable scientific development of the city, in order to provide important guiding significance for the ecological protection of Xi 'an. In this paper, remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) were used to process Landsat summer remote sensing images in 2005, 2010, 2016 and 2021. Data such as land use, vegetation cover (FVC), normalized Building Index (NDBI) and improved normalized Differential Water Body Index (MNDWI) are extracted from the data, and combined with population density, night light and point of interest (POI) data, Using land surface temperature inversion model, landscape pattern index, bivariate spatial autocorrelation and geographic detector, the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and driving forces of land surface temperature in the main urban area of Xi 'an were studied. The results show that:

(1) Through the analysis of remote sensing image data sources in 2005, 2010, 2016 and 2021, it was found that the land use change was significant in the main urban area of Xi 'an, except the construction land area increased, other land types showed a trend of decrease. The arable land area decreased the most, with a total decrease of 39.72km² from 2005 to 2010, 59.43km² from 2010 to 2021, and 117.17km² converted into construction land from 2005 to 2021. Water area changes are the next largest, with a total loss of 17.27km² between 2005 and 2021. Forest land decreased the least, a total of 16.56km². In terms of comprehensive land use change, it decreased from 1.38% in 2005-2010 to 1.04% in 2010-2021, indicating a slowing growth trend.

(2) Based on the remote sensing image data of 2005, 2010, 2016 and 2021, the corresponding annual land surface temperature in the main urban area of Xi 'an was obtained by using the radiative transfer equation model, and the mean-standard deviation method was used to divide the land surface temperature into five regions: high temperature region, low temperature region, middle temperature region, low temperature region and low temperature region. Through comparative analysis of experimental results, it is found that during 2005-2021, the area of sub-high temperature region and high temperature region has increased, while the area of low temperature region, middle low temperature region and middle temperature region has decreased. The main axis of the thermal environment direction in the main urban area turns to "northeast-southwest" trend, and the oblate of the standard deviation ellipse decreases in general. Compared with 2005, the dominance of thermal landscape in the main urban area of Xi 'an in 2021 gradually loses, but the dominance of low temperature area, middle temperature area and high temperature area expand. Compared with 2005, the shape of urban thermal landscape in 2021 tends to be regular, but the shape of thermal landscape in middle-temperature and sub-high temperature regions tends to be complex. The thermal landscape has the tendency of fragmentation, and the low temperature area, sub-low temperature area and sub-high temperature area are the main areas of fragmentation. At the same time, the diversity of thermal landscape increased, and the richness of thermal landscape in high temperature region changed most significantly.

(3) By comparing the land use type with the remote sensing image inversion results, it is found that different land use types have different effects on land surface temperature, and the difference is significant. According to the experimental results of the four periods of data in 2005, 2010, 2016 and 2021, the average surface temperature of construction land is the highest, and that of water area is the lowest. In the same year, the maximum and minimum average surface temperature of different land use types differ greatly, with the maximum difference reaching about 6℃. There is a negative spatial correlation between elevation and land surface temperature, the elevation gradually increases from northwest to southeast, and the land surface temperature gradually decreases from northwest to southeast. There is a negative correlation between vegetation coverage and land surface temperature in space. There is a positive correlation between normalized building index and surface temperature. The improved normalized differential water index was negatively correlated with land surface temperature. Population density, night light and POI core density are spatially positively correlated with surface temperature.

(4) The geographical detector model was used to analyze the weights of the thermal environment related factors of the two data cities in 2005 and 2021. In 2005, the q values of the impact factors were ranked in descending order which is NDBI, FVC, MNDWI, nighttime lighting, POI density, population density, land use elevation. In 2021, the q values of the impact factors were ranked in descending order which is NDBI, FVC, MNDWI, nighttime lighting, elevation, POI density, population density, land use. The p values of the detection factors in the two periods are also 0, indicating that the data in the two periods have strong reliability. Comparing the q values of 2005 and 2021, it is found that the explanatory power of each driving factor in 2021 has changed compared with that in 2005. Compared with the single factor, the interaction of all driving factors has a synergistic enhancement effect on land surface temperature, and the force is higher than 70%, and increases in a nonlinear way.

The results show that the urban expansion encroaches on the vegetation-covered area, the thermal environmental center of gravity migrates and the ranking of the influencing factors have certain reference value for the present situation and future development of the main urban area of Xi 'an, and can provide scientific basis for rational urban planning and layout.

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