农业活动中过量使用氮肥易诱发地下水氮污染，对地下水环境和人体健康产生直接危害，已经成为全球关注的问题。氮肥经降雨淋滤作用下渗运移至地下水，首先经过包气带。因此探究包气带中氮素的运移规律对地下水氮污染防控有着重要意义。目前，氮运移在层状包气带和厚包气带研究较多，而在地下水浅埋深粘土包气带较少。本文通过开展原位实验和构建数值模型相结合的方法，对地下水浅埋深粘土包气带中氮素运移开展研究。查明汉中盆地地下水浅埋深粘土包气带氮运移规律，构建氮素迁移转化模型，阐明不同降水水平年（丰水年、平水年、枯水年）条件下当地施肥对地下水的污染风险。结果表明：

（1）浅埋深粘土包气带各层氨氮浓度随时间呈先升高后降低的变化趋势，随深度呈现逐渐降低趋势，在第3天达到最大值3.638 mg/kg，至第61天实验结束时其浓度仍未回归至氨氮背景浓度。硝酸盐氮浓度从地表至潜水面呈现逐渐降低的趋势，随时间呈现先上升后下降的变化趋势，第4天达到最大值58.20 mg/kg，比氨氮晚1天达到，至第61天实验结束时其浓度仍未回归至背景浓度。

（2）实验场地下水埋深介于145.9~173.6 cm之间，而毛细上升高度可达297 cm。受毛细上升作用影响，地下水向上运移使土壤含水率达到近饱和（0.30~0.46 cm³/cm³），包气带成为水分通道，氨氮和硝态氮易随水分向下迁移从而进入地下水中。粘土包气带含水率较高(近饱和)条件下，因降雨驱动氨氮和硝态氮易随水分向下运移从而造成地下水污染。根据Peclet数（N_pe）看出，浅埋深粘土包气带，氮素迁移受降雨影响较大。降雨时N_pe值增大，对流逐渐占优，氮素易随水向下迁移，无降雨时N_pe值减小，对流和弥散共同作用，氮素向下迁移变慢。

（3）通过氮素运移模型的质量守恒分析可得，下边界水分损失为水分输入总量的60.1%，水分损失主要由水分向下运移导致，包气带仅作为通道供水分流通。氨氮进入土壤会发生硝化反应，随着时间延长硝化反应越剧烈，其由8.3%增长至85.3%。土壤硝酸盐氮易随水淋失，淋失量占14%~18%。硝态氮会发生反硝化反应，随着时间延长反硝化反应越剧烈，其由3.5%增长至76.6%。

（4）模型预测了不同降雨量下进入地下水的氮浓度。丰水年氨氮和硝态氮进入地下水速率较快，分别在59天和21天达到峰值1.077 mg/L和63.57 mg/L，在109天和62天其含量已下降至地下水三类水标准。枯水年氨氮和硝态氮进入地下水速率较慢，分别在90天和43天达到峰值0.730 mg/L和40.1 mg/L，在189天和75天其含量才下降至地下水三类水标准。说明地下水浅埋深地区，溶质较易随水分运移。不同降雨量条件下溶质运移速率不同，可为当地地下水中的氮污染防控提供一定的理论指导。

Excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers in agricultural activities is prone to induce groundwater nitrogen pollution, which is a direct hazard to groundwater environment and human health and has become a global concern. Nitrogen fertilizer is transported to groundwater by rainfall leaching, and firstly, it passes through the unsaturated zone. Therefore, it is important to investigate the transport pattern of nitrogen in the unsaturated zone for groundwater nitrogen pollution prevention and control. At present, nitrogen transport is more studied in the stratified and thick unsaturated zone, and less in the shallow buried deep clay unsaturated zone of groundwater. In this paper, we investigate the nitrogen transport in a shallow buried deep clay unsaturated zone in groundwater by a combination of in situ experiments and numerical modeling. To identify the nitrogen transport pattern in the shallowly buried deep clay unsaturated zone of groundwater in the Hanzhong basin, construct a nitrogen transport transformation model, and elucidate the risk of groundwater pollution by local fertilizer application under different precipitation level years (abundant water year, flat water year, and dry water year). The results show that：

(1) The concentration of ammonia nitrogen in each layer of the shallow buried deep clay unsaturated zone showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with time and gradually decreasing with depth, reaching a maximum value of 3.638 mg/kg on the third day, and its concentration still did not return to the background concentration of ammonia nitrogen by the end of the experiment on the sixty-first day. The nitrate nitrogen concentration showed a gradual decrease from the surface to the diving surface, and showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing with time, reaching a maximum value of 58.20 mg/kg on the fourth day, one day later than the ammonia nitrogen, and its concentration still had not returned to the background concentration by the end of the experiment on the sixty-first day.

(2) The depth of groundwater in the experimental site ranged from 145.9 to 173.6 cm, while the capillary rise height could reach 297 cm. Under the influence of capillary rise, the upward movement of groundwater caused the soil water content to reach near saturation (0.30-0.46 cm³/cm³), and the unsaturated zone became a water channel, and ammonia and nitrate nitrogen easily migrated downward with water and thus entered the groundwater. Under the condition of high water content (near saturation) in the clay unsaturated zone, rainfall-driven ammonia and nitrate nitrogen are easily transported downward with moisture thus causing groundwater pollution. According to the Peclet number (N_pe), the nitrogen migration is more influenced by rainfall in the shallow buried deep clay unsaturated zone. When the N_pe value increases with rainfall, convection gradually prevails, and nitrogen is easily transported downward with water, while the N_pe value decreases without rainfall, and nitrogen migration downward becomes slower due to the combined effect of convection and dispersion.

(3) The mass conservation analysis of the nitrogen transport model shows that the water loss at the lower boundary is 60.1% of the total water input, and the water loss is mainly caused by the downward transport of water, and the unsaturated zone is only used as a channel for water distribution flow. Ammonia nitrogen entering the soil undergoes nitrification reaction, and the nitrification reaction becomes more intense as time increases, and it increases from 8.3% to 85.3%. Soil nitrate nitrogen is easily leached with water, with 14% to 18% of the leached amount. Nitrate nitrogen undergoes denitrification reaction, and the denitrification reaction becomes more intense as time increases, and it increases from 3.5% to 76.6%.

(4) The model predicted the nitrogen concentrations entering groundwater under different rainfall amounts. The rate of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen entering the groundwater was fast in the water-abundant year, peaking at 1.077 mg/L and 63.57 mg/L on the fifty-ninth and twenty-first days, respectively, and their levels dropped to the groundwater class III standard on the one hundred and ninth and sixty-second days.The rate of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen entering groundwater in the dry year was slow, reaching peaks of 0.730 mg/L and 40.1 mg/L on ninety and forty-three days, respectively, before their levels dropped to the groundwater Class III standard on one hundred and eighty-nine and seventy-five days. It indicates that solutes are more easily transported with water in the area of shallow groundwater burial depth. The different solute transport rates under different rainfall conditions can provide some theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of nitrogen pollution in local groundwater.

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