矿山固废存量大、增量多、利用率低，制约着煤炭开发与环境保护协调发展。垮落带邻位矸石注浆充填技术是将矸石破碎成一定粒径后加水制成料浆，利用工作面侧回采巷道向邻面采空区垮落带钻孔注浆的技术，是实现矸石井下处置的技术途径之一。由于采动应力动态变化、垮落带空间结构演化及矸石浆体扩散规律复杂，导致注浆钻孔布局与注浆效果难确定，制约着该技术的发展。因此，本文采用理论分析、室内试验、数值模拟及现场实测等研究方法，对采动应力演化特征、采动应力下垮落带空间演化规律和注浆扩散机制进行系统研究，引入光纤传感技术，实现采动应力大小和方向-覆岩结构变形-垮落带空间空隙分布-注浆扩散过程的实时监测，并提出注浆钻孔布置参数优化方法。主要工作及研究成果如下：

（1）基于岩石力学及弹性力学理论，构建了考虑基本顶破断角和开采时间影响的垮落带空间空隙体积动态计算 模型，推导出垮落带空隙体积、空隙率和渗透率计算公式。得出垮落带空间结构分布特征及其受主控因素影响的演化规律，量化了垮落带空间分区特征。阐明了采动应力对基本顶变形破断的驱动效应，揭示了采动应力下垮落带空间演化机制。当基本顶起裂判据CIC>1后，岩体裂隙萌生发育，主应力偏转驱动岩体裂隙扩展，劣化岩体强度，最终导致基本顶非均匀破断，基本顶破断块体减小，垮落带空间和空隙体积减小。

（2）基于渗流力学理论，考虑浆体性质、垮落带空隙结构及渗滤效应影响，构建垮落带邻位注浆渗流模型，推导出浆体扩散范围、堆积高度和注浆量计算公式。得出注浆渗流呈现低压扩散-纵向贯通-横向扩展的演化规律，其形态由椭圆体、圆柱体向截锥体变化，揭示了邻位注浆扩散机制。垮落带注浆扩散启停受屈服应力控制，当浆体屈服应力小于剪切应力时，浆体开始扩散。垮落带空隙率减小，渗流路径迂曲度增高，导致渗流阻力增大，浆体扩散距离减小。

（3）采用数值模拟、室内试验及现场实测方法对采动应力下垮落带空间分区演化特征进行研究，刻画出采动应力偏转轨迹演化特征，呈椭圆形分布，并随工作面推进而增大。研制出矿用长距离钻孔多分量光纤传感器，实现底板煤岩体大空间范围内主应力偏转轨迹的实时监测，沿工作面走向，最大主应力方向由近似垂直逐渐向采空区偏转。得出垮落带自然堆积区随工作面的推进向前移动，载荷影响区长度随基本顶变形破断而变化。根据光纤应变特征值反演出自然堆积区和载荷影响区的长度分别为54 m和70 m，对应浆体易充填区长度为124 m，约为0.195倍埋深。

（4）开展垮落带空间空隙动态演变三维相似物理模型试验，结合垮落带空间结构特征和光纤-岩体界面力学理论，提出垮落带空间结构演化的光纤监测方法，对光纤数据进行时空频多维度分析，得出基本顶层位判定参量阈值和基本顶破断位置处布里渊增益谱BGS特征，由此识别基本顶层位和破断位置，监测出垮落带空间结构参数，得出垮落带空间结构及空隙演化规律。基本顶破断块体长度增大，浆体易充填空间体积和极限注采比增大，验证了垮落带空间空隙体积动态计算模型的正确性。

（5）提出基于主动加热光纤的注浆热质传输多参量监测方法，并进行垮落带注浆三维物理模型试验，监测出垮落带空隙率、渗透率，实现注浆动态扩散可视化，得出浆体浓度演化规律，其浓度变化与扩散距离呈负指数变化关系。并开展大型垮落带邻位注浆充填试验，结合垮落带邻位注浆三维数值模拟分析，揭示垮落带邻位注浆扩散规律，低压扩散呈椭圆体，纵向贯通呈圆柱体，横向扩展呈截锥体，且渗流坡度持续减小，最终趋于稳定。

（6）根据理论研究成果分析某矿301工作面垮落带空隙结构参数及分布特征，确定了注浆钻孔布设位置，预测出注浆扩散范围及单孔充填量。利用工作面回风巷向邻位垮落带施工钻孔进行注浆充填，采用流量监测及钻孔窥视等方法对注浆效果进行检验，现场累计注浆量为934 m³，储存矸石1354 t，较预测值高出5.2 %，充填效果良好。

The large stock, large increment, and low utilization rate of solid waste in mines constrain the coordinated development of coal development and environmental protection. Adjacent grouting filling technology in the caving zone is to break the gangue into a certain particle size and then add water to make a slurry. The technology uses the side mining roadway of the working face to drill. It injects grouting into the adjacent goaf caving zone, which is one of the technical ways to dispose of gangue underground. Due to the dynamic changes in mining stress, the spatial structure evolution of caving zones, and the complex diffusion laws of gangue slurry, it is difficult to determine the layout and effectiveness of grouting boreholes, which restricts the development of this technology. Therefore, this article adopts research methods such as theoretical analysis, indoor experiments, numerical simulation, and on-site measurement to systematically study the evolution characteristics of mining stress, the spatial evolution law of caving zone under mining stress, and the grouting diffusion mechanism. Fiber optic sensing technology is introduced to achieve real-time monitoring of the size and direction of mining stress - deformation of overlying rock structure-spatial gap distribution of caving zone-grouting diffusion process, And propose an optimization method for grouting drilling layout parameters. The main work and research results are as follows:

(1) Based on the theory of rock mechanics and elastic mechanics, a dynamic calculation model of the void space volume of the caving zone was established considering the influence of the basic roof breaking angle and the mining time, and the calculation formulas of the void volume, void ratio and permeability of the caving zone were derived. Obtained the spatial structure distribution characteristics of the caving zone and its evolution law influenced by the main control factors and quantified the spatial zoning characteristics of the caving zone. The driving effect of mining stress on basic roof deformation and fracture was elucidated, and the spatial evolution mechanism of the caving zone under mining stress was revealed. When the basic top fracture criterion CIC is greater than 1, the rock mass fractures initiate and develop. The principal stress deflection drives the expansion of the rock mass fractures, deteriorating the strength of the rock mass, ultimately leading to non-uniform fracture of the basic top, reducing the size of the basic top fracture block, and reducing the space and void volume of the caving zone.

(2) Based on the theory of seepage mechanics, considering the properties of the slurry, the pore structure of the caving zone, and the influence of the seepage effect, a seepage model for adjacent grouting in the caving zone is constructed. Formulas for calculating the diffusion range, stacking height, and grouting amount of the slurry are derived. The evolution law of grouting seepage shows a low-pressure diffusion, longitudinal penetration, and lateral expansion. Its shape changes from an elliptical or cylindrical body to a truncated cone, revealing the diffusion mechanism of adjacent grouting. The yield stress controls the start and stop of grouting diffusion in the caving zone. When the yield stress of the slurry is less than the shear stress, the slurry begins to diffuse. The porosity of the caving zone decreases, and the tortuosity of the seepage path increases, leading to an increase in seepage resistance and a decrease in slurry diffusion distance.

(3) Using numerical simulation, indoor experiments, and on-site measurement methods, the spatial zoning evolution characteristics of caving zones under mining stress were studied, and the evolution characteristics of mining stress deflection trajectory were characterized, which showed an elliptical distribution and increased with the advancement of the working face. Developed a long-distance drilling multi-component fiber optic sensor for mining, which enables real-time monitoring of the principal stress deflection trajectory within a large spatial range of the coal and rock mass on the floor. Along the direction of the working face, the maximum principal stress gradually deviates from approximately vertical to the goaf. The natural accumulation area of the caving zone moves forward with the advancement of the working face, and the length of the load influence area changes with the basic deformation and fracture of the roof. Based on the strain characteristic values of the optical fiber, the lengths of the natural accumulation zone and the load influence zone are calculated to be 54 m and 70 m, respectively, corresponding to a length of 124 m in the easily filled zone of the slurry, which is approximately 0.195 times the burial depth.

(4) Conducting three-dimensional similarity physical model experiments on the dynamic evolution of spatial gaps in caving zones, combining the spatial structural characteristics of caving zones with the theory of fiber-rock interface mechanics, a fiber optic monitoring method for the evolution of spatial structures in caving zones is proposed. The fiber optic data is subjected to spatiotemporal frequency multi-dimensional analysis. The threshold parameters for determining the basic top layer position and the BGS characteristics at the basic top fracture position are obtained, thereby identifying the basic top layer position and fracture position, Monitor the spatial structure parameters of the caving zone, and obtaining the spatial structure and void evolution law of the caving zone. The increase in the length of the basic top-breaking fault block increases the volume of easily filled space and the ultimate injection production ratio, which verifies the correctness of the dynamic calculation model for the volume of voids in the caving zone space.

(5) Propose a multi-parameter monitoring method for grouting heat and mass transfer based on active heating optical fiber. Conduct a three-dimensional physical model test for grouting in the cavingd zone. Monitor the porosity and permeability of the cavingd zone, achieve dynamic diffusion visualization of grouting, and obtain the evolution law of slurry concentration. The concentration change and diffusion distance show a negative exponential relationship. And carry out large-scale grouting and filling experiments in the adjacent caving zone, combined with three-dimensional numerical simulation analysis of adjacent grouting in the caving zone, revealing the diffusion law of adjacent grouting in the caving zone. The low-pressure diffusion is elliptical, the longitudinal penetration is cylindrical, and the lateral expansion is a truncated cone. The seepage slope continues to decrease and ultimately tends to stabilize.

(6) Based on theoretical research results, the structural parameters and distribution characteristics of the gap in the caving zone of the 301 working faces of a certain mine were analyzed, and the location of grouting drilling holes was determined. The grouting diffusion range and single hole filling amount were predicted. Using the return air tunnel of the working face to drill holes for grouting filling in the adjacent cavingd zone, flow monitoring and drilling observation methods were used to test the grouting effect. The accumulated grouting amount on site was 934 m³, and 1354 t of gangue were stored, 5.2 % higher than the predicted value. The filling effect was good.

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