随着我国农村人居环境的不断改善，农村生活污水数量逐年增长，但受到分散排放、间歇断流等因素的影响，农村污水处理系统常面临水量波动的问题，导致处理系统脱氮除碳效果和维稳性能的降低。生物滴滤池具有良好的抗冲击负荷能力，能够缓解水质水量波动对污染物去除和微生物的影响。为探究水量波动下生物滴滤池处理农村生活污水的适用性，阐明其内部微生物适应性生长与代谢调控机制，本研究构建了间歇断流运行模式的滴滤池农村污水处理系统，以胞外聚合物（EPS）和代谢产物的动态转化特征为切入点，解析了断流期脱氮除碳功能菌群对饥饿、富氧等环境的应激响应机制，运用基因组学的分析手段，阐释了菌群效能恢复和维持稳定的生物代谢调控机制，为强化滴滤池农村污水处理系统运行效果和维稳性能提供理论技术支撑。研究得到的主要结果如下：

（1）生物滴滤池能在间歇断流的进水条件下实现对农村污水的高效处理。系统稳定运行期间总氮（TN）、有机物和总磷（TP）的去除率分别维持在66.74±3.53%、95.56±1.10%和87.06±2.08%，反应器内以具有同步硝化反硝化和除碳功能的兼性层为主，各层主导反应类型存在差异，在靠近供氧区域的层位（1和5层）硝化反应活性更为明显，在靠近进水区域的非供氧兼性区（2至4层）氨化反应最为明显，各层均具有稳定的有机物去除能力，TP依靠微生物固定与填料吸附截留作用共同去除；扫描电镜下生物膜呈现进水时期松散复杂的孔隙结构，断流时期紧密平实的堆积结构。

（2）胞外聚合物的组分和结构特征在进水和断流期间存在明显差异。断流后期基质的匮乏促使微生物转化松散型EPS（LB-EPS）及其吸附的营养物质，以维持自身活性及菌群数量，同时通过调整紧密型EPS（TB-EPS）中蛋白质组分的占比构建适宜微生物聚集的疏水微环境；三维荧光分析结果显示，LB-EPS与TB-EPS中蛋白质以溶解性微生物代谢副产物类蛋白为主；X射线电子能谱（XPS）分析结果显示，EPS内疏水基团与架桥作用共同促进微生物聚集体的形成。

（3）脱氮功能菌在反应器中的菌群结构变化引起了氮的沿程和转化途径，靠近进水区域的供氧层（1层）优势菌有Nitrospira、Zoogloea，靠近曝气区域的供氧层（5层）中优势功能菌包括Nitrosotenuis、Dechloromonas，靠近进水区域的非供氧兼性区（2层）具有Acinetobacter、Thauera优势功能菌，靠近出水区域的非供氧兼性区（6层）含优势功能菌Nitrosomonas、Comamonas，曝气区域上方填料层（1、2层）硝化菌丰度高于反硝化菌，曝气区域下方填料层（5、6层）硝化菌丰度低于反硝化菌。断流期引起微生物数量的下降，对Nitrospira、Dechloromonas等脱氮功能菌的影响尤为明显。

（4）生物滴滤池微生物EPS转化和饥饿应激响应过程与碳水化合物代谢、能量代谢、多糖合成途径、ABC转运、核苷酸代谢和核糖体密切相关。宏基因组测序分析结果显示，断流阶段微生物戊二酸和丙酮酸的代谢能力明显提升，表现为NADH的生成过程与丙酮酸的合成过程基因丰度显著上升；胞外多糖合成途径中糖核苷酸代谢基因上调，说明断流阶段供氧层多糖代谢受到抑制，相反兼性层多糖代谢活性得到促进；蛋白质跨膜运输相关代谢途径的基因丰度在断流期明显升高，加强胞外代谢产物转化利用；磷循环中NADH脱氢酶和细胞色素c氧化酶基因数量上调，加强了ATP的产出过程，为维持断流后期的饥饿-富氧双重环境抑制下微生物的代谢活性提供能量；同时，核糖体、嘌呤嘧啶代谢中，功能蛋白的在富氧-饥饿环境下表达水平上升，对蛋白质的表达、能量代谢、辅酶因子合成、信息传递等功能富集效果明显。

The continuous improvement of rural living environments in China has led to a consistent annual increase in rural sewage quantities. However, rural wastewater treatment systems frequently experience water quantity fluctuations due to decentralized discharge and intermittent flow interruption, resulting in reduced denitrification-decarbonization efficiency and decreased operational stability. Biotrickling filters exhibit enhanced shock load resistance, effectively mitigating the effects of water quantity fluctuations on pollutant removal efficiency and microbial consortium dynamics. To evaluate the applicability of biotrickling filters in rural sewage treatment under water quantity fluctuations and delineate microbial adaptive growth with metabolic regulation mechanisms, in this study, the rural sewage treatment system under intermittent flow interruption operation mode was constructed. The stress response mechanisms of denitrification-decarbonization functional microbiota to starvation and oxygen-enriched environments during flow interruption periods were elucidated through characterization of extracellular polymeric substances and microbial metabolite dynamics. Genomic interrogation revealed biometabolic regulation mechanisms governing microbial functional recovery and system stabilization. This provides theoretical and technical foundations for enhancing operational performance and stability maintenance of biotrickling filter-based rural sewage treatment systems. The main results obtained from the study are as follows:

(1) Biotrickling filter were capable of realizing efficient treatment of rural wastewater under intermittent intermittent influent conditions. During the stable operation of the system, the removal rates of total nitrogen (TN), organic matter and total phosphorus (TP) were maintained at 66.74±3.53%, 95.56±1.10% and 87.06±2.08%, respectively. The reactor was dominated by the parthenogenetic layer with simultaneous nitrification denitrification and carbon removal, and the dominant reaction types varied in each layer, with nitrification reactions more pronounced in the layers close to the oxygen supply area (layers 1 and 5), and ammonification reactions most active in the non-oxygen supply parthenogenetic zone close to the influent area (layers 2 to 4). The activity was more obvious in the layer near the oxygen supply area (layers 1 and 5), and the ammonification reaction was most obvious in the non-oxygen supply part-time area near the influent area (layers 2 to 4), and each layer had stable organic matter removal ability, and TP was removed by microbial immobilization and adsorption and retention of packing; the biofilm under scanning electron microscope showed loose and complex pore structure during the influent period, and tight and solid stacking structure during the interrupted flow period.

(2) The components and structural characteristics of the extracellular polymers differed significantly between the influent and break-flow periods. The lack of substrate in the late stage of flow interruption prompted the microorganisms to transform the loose type EPS (LB-EPS) and its adsorbed nutrients to maintain their own activity and bacterial population, and at the same time, to adjust the proportion of protein components in the tight type EPS (TB-EPS) to construct a hydrophobic microenvironment suitable for microorganisms to aggregate; the results of three-dimensional fluorescence analysis showed that the proteins in the LB-EPS and the TB-EPS were mainly soluble and metabolic by-products of microorganisms. Three-dimensional fluorescence analysis showed that the proteins in LB-EPS and TB-EPS were mainly solubilized by-products of microbial metabolism, and the results of X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the hydrophobic groups and the bridging effect within the EPS promoted the formation of microbial aggregates.

(3) Changes in the colony structure of denitrifying functional bacteria in the reactor induced nitrogen along and transformation pathways, the dominant bacteria in the oxygen supply layer (layer 1) near the influent area included Nitrospira, Zoogloea, the dominant functional bacteria in the oxygen supply layer (layer 5) near the aeration area included Nitrosotenuis, Dechloromonas, the non-aerobic parthenogenetic zone (layer 2) near the influent area had Acinetobacter, Thauera dominant functional bacteria, the non-aerobic parthenogenetic zone near the effluent zone (layer 6) contained dominant functional bacteria Nitrosomonas, Comamonas. The abundance of nitrifying bacteria was higher than that of denitrifying bacteria in the packing layers (layer 1 and 2) above the aeration area, while it was lower in the packing layers (layer 5 and 6) below the aeration area. The break-up period caused a decrease in microbial abundance, and the effect was particularly pronounced for functional nitrogen-removing bacteria such as Nitrospira and Dechloromonas.

(4) The microbial EPS transformation and starvation stress response processes in the biotrickling filter were closely related to carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, polysaccharide synthesis pathway, ABC transport, nucleotide metabolism and ribosomes. Macrogenomic sequencing analysis showed that the metabolism of glutaric acid and pyruvic acid of microorganisms was significantly enhanced during the flow interruption stage, which was manifested by a significant increase in the abundance of genes for NADH production and pyruvic acid synthesis. The abundance of genes in the metabolic pathway of protein transmembrane transport was significantly increased in the flow interruption stage, which enhanced the conversion and utilization of extracellular metabolites; the number of genes of NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase in the phosphorus cycle was up-regulated, which strengthened the process of ATP output, and provided energy for maintaining the metabolic activity of the microorganisms under the inhibition of the starvation-oxygen-rich environment in the late stage of the flow interruption stage; at the same time, the expression level of functional proteins of the ribosome, purine pyrimidine metabolism increased under the oxygen-rich and starvation At the same time, the expression level of functional proteins in ribosome and purine pyrimidine metabolism increased under the oxygen-rich-starvation environment, and the effect of enrichment of protein expression, energy metabolism, cofactor synthesis, and information transfer was obvious.

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