随着煤炭资源的大量开采，煤层采空区不断增多、增大，导致大量的地表塌陷和沉降。煤矿采空区不仅危及到地表建（构）筑物及公共设施的安全，甚至还有可能诱发地质灾害。在煤炭开采区内，采空塌陷问题常有发生，规模有大有小，为了减少因采空区塌陷引发的灾害，应运而生的各种处治技术得到了不断更新、发展。根据采空区的赋存形态制定对应的处治措施。 本文在前人大量研究成果的基础上，通过探查采空区分布范围及空间展布形态及采空区失稳因素的分析，对采空区的失稳机理进行研究。对不同埋深、不同赋存形式采空区的治理方法进行分析研究，总结了现有煤层采空区的治理手段，并提出了改进与优化的工艺。本论文的主要研究成果包括： （1）以榆神高速公路路基下伏采空区为研究对象，在分析其采矿及地质背景的基础上，选择地球物理勘探和钻探方法相结合的勘察方法，掌握该路段下伏采空区的分布及空间形态，为煤矿采空区稳定性分析和评价提供了依据。 （2）掌握了采空区围岩移动形式和失稳的影响因素，对榆神高速公路路基下伏采空区进行了稳定性验算，包括开采煤层的采厚比、顶底板安全、煤柱强度以及临界开挖深度等，确定了榆神高速公路线路内存在安全隐患的采空区范围。 （3）根据榆神高速公路路基载荷特点，制定了合理、经济的路基下伏采空区处治方案，保证路基下伏采空区的稳定，达到高速公路安全运营的目的。 （4）根据路基与桥基的不同受力形式，确定路基与桥基下伏采空区的治理范围，提出了计算桥基下伏采空区治理范围的计算公式，缩小了治理范围，提高了经济效益。 工后通过对榆神高速公路路基的变形监测及沉降观测，结合路基和桥基允许变形范围，证明榆神高速公路路基下伏采空区处治技术合理、经济，达到了高速公路安全运行的要求。

As coal excavating, coal mine gobs are getting more and more which cause severe surface subsidence in China. The subsidence not only endangers the surrounding buildings and public facilities but also induces geological disasters. Coal mine gobs treatment technics have improved a lot as the subsidence happens frequently. There are lots of coal mine gobs investigation technics that geophysical exploration has 15 different kinds while the gobs treatment technics also have lots of different kinds. The experts all over the world have been exploring the most scientific, economic, convenient and safest treatment technics to ensure the safety of human beings and properties. Based on the previous studies, the author systematically studies the mechanism of the instability of the gobs through proving the spatial distribution and analyzing the induce factors. Through researching the different treatment technics compared to different buried depth and occurrence, the paper summarized the treatment technics and gives an improved and optimized technology. The main achievements of this paper are below: (1) Based on the mining method and the geological condition of the coal mine gobs under Yushen Express way which was taken as an example in this paper, the reasonable investigation methods were taken to get the distribution and other characteristics of the gobs to do the stability analysis. (2) This paper analyzed the form of surrounding rock movement and the factors of instability of coal mine gobs. And the author checked the stability of the gobs under the foundation of Yushen express way which included the ratio of mining depth and thickness, the safety of roof and floor, the strength of coal pillars and the threshold of excavating depth, etc. Therefore, the range of the gobs with security risk was determined. (3) A scientific and economic treatment scheme was developed to ensure the post-treatment safety of the gobs and the above buildings. (4) This paper elaborated the treatment range of the gobs and gave a new basis to decide the treatment range by calculation of the gobs under the bridge foundations. Through deformation and subsidence monitoring, the treatment technics is proved to be scientific, reasonable and economic and it meets the safety requirement of the express way operation.