无产阶级是马克思哲学体系中的核心概念，它是实现人的解放达到共产主义社会的主体力量。但是无产阶级这一概念却不完全等同于工人阶级，加上现今世界范围内工人运动的式微，导致许许多多的人开始质疑无产阶级这一概念。因此厘清无产阶级的提出过程，明确无产阶级的内涵，区分无产阶级与工人阶级的异同便显得尤为重要。本文立足马克思的经典原著，沿着马克思的文献轨迹，通过还原马克思对无产阶级界定的变化，探寻马克思笔下无产阶级的两重含义，并明确无产阶级的主体构成。

青年时期的马克思沿着黑格尔的理论前行，但他逐渐发现了黑格尔理论与现实的对立，为了化解对立，他亟需突破黑格尔的法哲学。在这一过程之中，马克思发现需要扬弃市民社会之中的私有财产从而实现人的解放，而解放的力量便是“非市民社会阶级的市民社会阶级”，这就是最早的无产阶级概念。但此时的无产阶级更多的是停留在哲学层面上的概念，这是由于此时的马克思对资本主义运行逻辑的认识还不够深入。通过与恩格斯的合作，马克思接触到了更多的政治经济学内容，这使得马克思逐渐熟悉了资本主义的运行逻辑，他以政治经济学为中介继续考察无产阶级，并指出了工人阶级（无产者）有充当无产阶级主体的可能性。在《资本论》时期，随着马克思历史唯物主义武器的完成，他以历史唯物主义为武器，深刻地剖析了资本主义的生产方式，发现了其固有的矛盾，指出无产阶级实现革命并取代资产阶级的历史必然性。

无产阶级取代资产阶级是具有其历史必然性的，无论是从无产阶级所带来的哲学革命来讲，还是政治领域所发动的工人革命来说都是如此。换言之，无产阶级不能仅仅停留在“非人”的哲学存在上，更要具有现实的主体，马克思所提出的“无产者即现代工人”就可以充当这一主体。当自然人转变为工人和无产者时，其实已经为转化为无产阶级做好了铺垫，但工人阶级并不是天生的无产阶级，这其中必须要经一系列的过程，譬如政党组织、思想理论的灌输与学习，才能在与资产阶级的斗争中逐步转化为无产阶级，最终实现自我的解放。

马克思无产阶级概念不断丰富发展的过程，实际上就是马克思的思想逐渐成熟，唯物史观不断完善的过程，是无产阶级由哲学概念走向现实，最终肩负起时代使命走向共产主义的过程。

The proletariat is the core concept of Marx's philosophical system, and it is the main force to realize the liberation of human beings and achieve the Communist society. However, the concept of the proletariat is not entirely equivalent to the working class, coupled with the decline of the labor movement in the world today, which has led many people to question the concept of the proletariat. Therefore, it is particularly important to clarify the process of putting forward the proletariat, clarify the connotation of the proletariat, and distinguish the similarities and differences between the proletariat and the working class. Based on Marx's classic original works, along the track of Marx's literature, this paper explores the dual meaning of the proletariat in Marx's works by restoring the change of Marx's definition of the proletariat, and clarifies the main composition of the proletarian.

In his youth, Marx followed Hegel's theory, but he gradually found the opposition between Hegel's theory and reality. In order to resolve the opposition, he urgently needed to break through Hegel's philosophy of law. In this process, Marx found that it was necessary to abandon the private property in civil society so as to realize the liberation of human beings, and the power of liberation was "the civil social class of non-civil social class", which was the earliest concept of proletariat. However, the proletariat at this time was more of a philosophical concept, which was due to Marx's lack of in-depth understanding of the logic of capitalist operation at this time. Through the cooperation with Engels, Marx came into contact with more political economy, which made Marx gradually familiar with the operation logic of capitalism. He continued to examine the proletariat through the intermediary of political economy, and pointed out that the working class (proletarians) had the possibility of acting as the main body of the proletariat. During the period of Das Kapital, with the completion of Marx's weapon of historical materialism, he used historical materialism as a weapon to deeply analyze the capitalist mode of production, discover its inherent contradictions, and point out the historical inevitability of the proletariat's replacement of the bourgeoisie by revolution.

The replacement of the bourgeoisie by the proletariat has its historical inevitability, whether in terms of the philosophical revolution brought about by the proletariat or in terms of the workers'revolution launched in the political field. In other words, the proletariat can not only stay in the "inhuman" philosophical existence, but also have a realistic subject, which can be the "proletarian is the modern worker" proposed by Marx. When a natural person is transformed into a worker and a proletarian, it has actually paved the way for the rise to the proletariat, but the working class is not a natural proletariat, but it must go through a series of processes, such as political party organization, ideological and theoretical inculcation and learning, in order to gradually rise to the proletariat in the struggle with the bourgeoisie, and ultimately achieve self-liberation.

The process of constantly enriching and developing Marx's concept of proletariat is actually the process of gradually maturing Marx's thought and constantly improving historical materialism, and the process of proletariat moving from philosophical concept to reality and finally shouldering the mission of the times to communism.

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专著类

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