随着我国科学技术的高速进步，电子产品的应用越来越广泛，但这些设备会不可避免地释放出电磁波，引起电子器件之间的电磁干扰，危害人体健康。高分子基电磁屏蔽材料因具有轻质，制备简单，成本低昂，耐腐蚀等优点而逐渐取代了传统的金属系电磁屏蔽材料，成为解决电磁干扰问题的关键材料。然而，目前所使用的大多数高分子材料基于石油开发而来，而石油的大量使用会造成严重的环境污染和不可再生资源消耗问题。作为一种天然高分子材料，纤维素具有来源丰富、储量巨大、可再生、可生物降解等特点，可被加工成纤维膜、水凝胶、气凝胶等多种材料。其中，纤维素多孔复合材料在电磁屏蔽领域表现出优异的综合性能。纤维素多孔材料的三维网络结构不仅有利于导电通路的构建，还有利于提高空气与材料的阻抗匹配，从而提高电磁波的吸收效率，对构建以吸收为主导的电磁屏蔽材料具有重要意义。另一方面，二维过渡金属碳化物/氮化物 (MXene) 因其优异的电导率、比表面积和特殊的片层结构，成为电磁屏蔽性能表现最佳的材料。因此，本文以Ti3C2TX 类型的MXene为填料，以纤维素多孔材料为基体，制备出兼具高吸收系数和高屏蔽性能的纤维素基电磁屏蔽多孔复合材料，并对其密度、红外光谱、拉曼光谱、微观结构、电导率、电磁屏蔽、电加热性能等进行了表征测试，研究了纤维素多孔材料的微观结构、MXene含量、分布方式以及纤维素基体的碳化对电磁屏蔽性能的影响。主要研究内容如下：

(1) 通过“溶解-凝胶-溶剂交换-冷冻干燥”工艺制备了纤维素多孔材料，进一步采用真空辅助浸渍法制备了MXene/纤维素多孔复合材料。通过简单调控冷冻介质中叔丁醇含量，实现了纤维素多孔材料微观结构从三维片层到三维纤维网络结构的调控。研究结果表明，当冷冻剂中叔丁醇含量为10%时，MXene/纤维素多孔复合材料表现出最优异的电磁屏蔽性能，这主要得力于其适宜的孔径大小及比表面积。另外，随着MXene浸渍次数的增加，MXene/纤维素多孔材料的电磁屏蔽效率 (EMI SE) 也随之增强，最高达到了46.8 dB ，同时吸收系数达到了0.79。最后，所制备的MXene/纤维素多孔复合材料还具有优异的电加热性能和热机械性能，大大扩宽了纤维素基电磁屏蔽多孔材料的适用范围。

(2) 使用MXene为导电填料，以纤维素多孔材料为基体，采用“自下而上-梯度浸渍-逐级调控”的方法，制备了MXene浓度梯度分布的MXene/纤维素多孔复合材料。结果表明，沿着浸渍方向，MXene在纤维素孔壁中呈现自高向低的浓度梯度分布。当电磁波从MXene浓度低至高方向入射时，其总EMI SE与电磁波从浓度高至低方向入射时相近，然而浓度低至高方向的吸收系数 (0.84) 远高于浓度高至低方向 (0.54)，也高于MXene均匀分布的纤维素多孔复合材料 (0.76) 和纯MXene膜 (0.26) 的吸收系数。因此，通过调控MXene在纤维素多孔材料中的浓度梯度分布，可进一步优化复合材料的吸收系数。

(3) 使用MXene为导电填料，以碳化纤维素多孔材料为基体，通过“真空辅助浸渍-常温抽滤”的方法制备了MXene/碳化纤维素多孔复合材料。结果表明，碳化过程提高了纤维素多孔材料的EMI SE，在800 ℃时达到了30 dB。而MXene的加入将碳化纤维素多孔材料的EMI SE提高到了65 dB，是未加MXene的2.16倍，并且吸收系数也达到了0.81，有效地解决了以往报道中存在的高EMI SE和高吸收系数不可兼得的矛盾。

With the rapid progress of science and technology in China, the application of electronic products is more and more extensive, but these devices will inevitably release electromagnetic waves, causing electromagnetic interference between electronic devices and endangering human health. Polymer-based electromagnetic shielding materials have gradually replaced the traditional metal-based ones due to their advantages such as lightweight, simple preparation, low cost, and corrosion resistance, becoming the key material for solving device electromagnetic interference problem. However, most of the polymer materials currently used are synthetic polymers, and their extensive use causes serious environmental pollution and non-renewable resource consumption. As a natural polymer material, cellulose has abundant sources, huge reserves, renewable, and biodegradable characteristics, which can be processed into films, hydrogels, aerogels, fibers, and other materials. Among them, cellulose porous composites exhibit excellent comprehensive performance in electromagnetic shielding. The three-dimensional network structure of cellulose porous materials is not only conducive to the construction of conductive pathways but also beneficial to reducing the impedance mismatch between air and materials, thereby improving the absorption efficiency of electromagnetic waves. Therefore, it is of great significance to construct electromagnetic shielding materials dominated by absorption by using cellulose porous materials. On the other hand, two-dimensional transition metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes) have become the best materials for electromagnetic shielding performance in synthetic materials due to their excellent conductivity, specific surface area, and special layered structure. Therefore, this study used Ti3C2TX-type MXene as a filler and cellulose porous material as a matrix to prepare cellulose-based electromagnetic shielding porous composites simultaneously with high absorption coefficient and high shielding efficiency. The density, infrared spectrum, Raman spectrum, microstructure, conductivity, electromagnetic shielding, and electric heating performance of the materials were characterized and tested. The effects of the microstructure of cellulose porous material, the content and distribution of MXene, and the carbonization treatment of the cellulose matrix on the electromagnetic shielding performance were studied. The main research contents are as follows:

(1) Cellulose porous materials were prepared by a “dissolution-freezing drying” process, and further MXene/cellulose porous composites were prepared using a vacuum-assisted impregnation method. By simply adjusting the tert-butanol (TBA) content in the freezing medium, the microstructure of the cellulose porous material was controlled from a micrometer-scale three-dimensional sheet structure to a nanometer-scale three-dimensional fibrous network structure. The results showed that when the TBA content in the freezing agent was 10%, the MXene/cellulose porous composite material exhibited the best electromagnetic shielding performance, mainly due to its suitable pore size and specific surface area. In addition, as the number of MXene impregnation cycles increased, the electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency (EMI SE) of the MXene/cellulose porous composite material also improved, reaching up to 46.8 dB, while the absorption coefficient reached 0.79. Finally, the prepared MXene/cellulose porous composite material also had excellent electric heating performance and thermomechanical properties, greatly expanding the application range of cellulose-based electromagnetic shielding porous materials.

(2) MXene was used as a conductive filler, and cellulose porous material was used as the matrix. A “Bottom to up-gradient impregnation-stepwise regulation” method was employed to prepare MXene/cellulose porous composite materials with concentration gradient distribution. The results showed that along the impregnation direction, MXene presented a concentration gradient distribution from high to low in the cellulose pore walls. The influence of the electromagnetic wave incident direction on the electromagnetic shielding performance was studied. When the electromagnetic wave is incident from the low to high concentration direction of MXene, the total EMI SE is similar to that when the electromagnetic wave is incident from the high to low concentration direction. However, the absorption coefficient in the low to high concentration direction (0.84) is much higher than that in the high to low concentration direction (0.54), and also higher than the absorption coefficient of MXene uniformly distributed cellulose porous composite material (0.76) and pure MXene film (0.26). Therefore, by controlling the concentration distribution state of MXene in the cellulose porous material, the absorption coefficient of the composites can be further optimized.

(3) MXene/carbonized cellulose porous materials were prepared by a “vacuum assisted impregnation-room temperature suction filtration” using MXene as conductive filler and carbonized cellulose porous materials as matrix. The results showed that the carbonization process improved the EMI SE of the cellulose porous material, reaching 30 dB at 800 ℃. The addition of MXene further increased the EMI SE of the carbonized cellulose porous material to 65 dB, which was 2.16 times higher than that without MXene, and the absorption coefficient also reached 0.81, effectively solving the contradiction between high electromagnetic shielding performance and high absorption coefficient reported in previous studies.

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