伴随“十四五”规划交通强国建设工程的持续推进，寒区岩土项目建设大幅增长，使得工程失稳、建筑倒塌等安全问题愈加凸显，冻融灾害防治成为亟待解决的关键问题。因此，本文以红砂岩为研究对象，基于冻融循环、CT扫描及物理力学特性试验，提取并量化冻融岩石细观特征信息，对细观损伤准确识别，并引入宏观力学模型，跨尺度研究冻融与荷载作用下岩石变形破坏行为，并实现含真实细观形貌特征的冻融岩石数值模拟计算。主要研究内容及结论如下：
(1) 冻融作用使得岩石宏观上出现颗粒剥落、裂纹及片落等破坏特征，试验过程中岩石顶、底部破损更为严重；随冻融循环次数的增加，岩石CT扫描图像整体灰度值下降，轴向方向上不同截面图像灰度均值曲线波动明显，但波动形式趋于一致，说明岩石内部细观结构各向异性显著，天然缺陷对于整个冻融过程存在持续性影响。
(2) 采用降噪滤波、边缘增强、形态学处理算法等图像处理技术，结合光线投射算法的三维重构技术，可在保留原始图像特征信息的条件下，直观展示不同冻融循环次数下岩石内部细观结构几何形态、空间分布的演化过程。图像处理结果表明：岩石在宏观层面发生破坏前，内部结构早已产生一系列复杂变化。
(3) 基于局部测量的像素单元覆盖法测得冻融循环过程中，岩石孔隙单元数量减少了91.6 %，平均体积增加97.1 %，平均表面积增加95.5 %；孔隙单元方位角在90°左右所占比例最大；更多的孔隙单元位移方向沿岩石由外向内，定量化地反映出冻融破坏在细观层面上是一个由表及里的损伤演化过程。
(4) 结合数字图像矩阵理论和分形理论，统计得到冻融循环过程中，岩石孔隙率由14.316 %上涨到54.497 %；孔隙分形维数由1.856下降到1.3843；孔隙连通程度增加4.27倍，说明在冻融作用下，岩石内部随机分布、复杂无序的天然微孔隙网络演变为大孔径连通孔隙和微孔隙并存的多尺度孔隙网络。
(5) 基于细观损伤力学方法，提取细观结构特征中的孔隙连通率定义岩石冻融损伤变量，弥补了传统损伤变量定义方法中损伤值绝对范围较小和未考虑天然损伤的不足，实现了同一损伤的跨尺度识别；建立的冻融岩石损伤本构关系与试验曲线吻合较好，从岩石细观结构变化的物理机制揭示了宏观岩石变形破坏机理。
(6) 从弹性力学理论“连续性假定”出发，提取出能够以最小体积反映出整体力学信息的岩石表征单元体，缓解数值计算压力；实现含真实形貌的冻融岩石数值模拟。由此发现荷载作用对于大孔径孔隙的局部损伤发育影响更为显著，而冻融作用更倾向于由表及里地对不同孔径孔隙产生持续破坏。

In tandem with the continuous advancement of the transportation powerhouse construction project outlined in China's 14th Five-Year Plan, frigid regions in the country embrace new developmental missions. The construction of geotechnical engineering in cold regions has witnessed significant growth, exacerbating safety issues such as structural instability and building collapses. Consequently, addressing frost-related disasters has become a pressing concern. This study, therefore, investigates the characteristics of typical rocks in cold regions through freeze-thaw cycles, CT scans, and physico-mechanical property tests. By quantifying the microscopic features of frost-heaved rocks, we have accurately identified microscopic damage and incorporated it into macroscopic mechanical models. This multi-scale analysis examines the deformation and failure behavior of rocks under the combined effect of freeze-thaw and loading, culminating in a numerical simulation that incorporates authentic microscopic morphological features.
Freeze-thaw cycles result in macroscopic rock damage such as particle exfoliation, cracking, and flaking, with more severe deterioration occurring at the top and bottom of the rock. Moreover, the overall grayscale value of the rock CT scan images decreases during the freeze-thaw process, the grayscale mean curve fluctuates significantly, but the fluctuation forms tend to be consistent during the freeze-thaw process, which indicates significant anisotropy in the rock's internal microstructure and the persistent impact of natural defects.
By employing noise reduction filtering, edge enhancement, and morphological processing algorithms alongside three-dimensional reconstruction techniques using ray-casting algorithms, the evolution of the rock's internal microstructure's geometric morphology and spatial distribution is intuitively displayed at different freeze-thaw cycle stages, while preserving the original image's feature information. The findings reveal that complex internal structural changes have occurred in the rock prior to macroscopic failure.
Based on the local measurement of pixel unit coverage, it is observed that the number of rock pore units decreases by 91.6% during freeze-thaw cycles, while the average volume and surface area increase by 97.1% and 95.5%, respectively. Pore unit azimuth angles are predominantly centered around 90 degrees, and an outward-to-inward displacement direction is observed, suggesting that freeze-thaw damage evolution occurs from the exterior to the interior of the rock at the microscopic level.
Employing digital image matrix and fractal theories, we have ascertained that rock porosity escalates from 14.316% to 54.497% during freeze-thaw cycles, while pore fractal dimensions decrease from 1.856 to 1.3843. Pore connectivity surges by 4.27 times, reflecting the transformation of a randomly distributed, complex and disordered natural micro-pore network into a multi-scale pore network comprising large interconnected pores and micro-pores under the influence of freeze-thaw processes.
By utilizing micro-damage mechanics, we have extracted the pore connectivity rate as a defining variable for rock frost damage, addressing shortcomings in traditional damage variable definitions such as the limited absolute damage range and disregarding natural damage. This enables cross-scale identification of the same damage, and the established freeze-thaw loaded rock damage constitutive relation corresponds well with experimental curves, revealing the macroscopic rock deformation and failure mechanism from the perspective of the rock's microstructural changes.
Originating from the "continuity assumption" of elastic mechanics theory, we have identified the representative rock unit capable of reflecting the overall mechanical information of the rock with minimal volume, thereby alleviating numerical calculation stress. The numerical simulation, including authentic morphology, reveals that loading has a more pronounced impact on local damage development for large pore spaces, whereas freeze-thaw processes preferentially cause continuous damage from the surface to the interior for various pore sizes.

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