近年来，随着改革开放的深入和社会主义市场经济的发展，公平与效率问题引起人们的极大关注。党的十五大和十六大都提出了到2010年形成中国特色社会主义法律体系的总体目标和要求。实现依法治国的重要途径就是要求各级政府在各项工作中切实作到依法行政。 本文以邓小平公平-效率观为指导，把公平-效率、和谐社会和行政法治三者联系在一起，围绕公平-效率这个中心问题，对邓小平公平-效率观的理论体系深入研究，从法哲学的层面对政府的行政行为和相关的法律规范予以分析，从创建和谐社会的角度出发，针对依法行政对公平与效率保障和实现，探索出对前述问题的解决方案。 “公平”和“效率”两者本身并不是在同一个价值位阶之上的概念，只是在当前的经济社会环境下两者有相互冲突的现象。邓小平把公平与效率放在社会主义社会与市场经济的结合、社会主义本质中考察，站在评价社会制度优越性与否的高度去均衡公平和效率。而和谐社会其实也就是成熟社会、公平社会、注重发展、讲求效率的社会。公平与正义是和谐社会的基础，法治是和谐社会的保证。和谐社会内在的本质要求是达到公平与效率的协调统一。因此政府要在法律、法规的范围内行使行政自由裁量权，调整行政主体和相对人的行政之间的关系。行政法律可以推动行政机构的自身建设，克服在履行职责、特别是行使行政自由裁量权的过程中出现的不公平和低效率的情形。行为规范、运转协调、公正透明、廉洁高效的行政管理体制是法治政府的基础。 本文的创新就是在对公平和效率进行法哲学分析的基础上，指出和谐社会的本质要求是公平与效率的协调统一。法治是实现对公权力协调制衡基本途径，要大力推行依法行政，实现依法治国。围绕依法行政的实质，实现公平-效率的最优化，提出解决公平与效率的矛盾，我们必须在完成社会主义经济发展和小康建设的目标之后，在经济领域强调“效率优先，兼顾公平”的同时，把和谐社会和实现依法治国方略结合起来，特别重视社会公平与效率问题。这将会对当前所倡导的“构建和谐社会”、实现社会的可持续发展起到一定的促进作用。

In recent years, with the development of socialist market economy and the thorough of reformation and opening, people pay very close attention to fair and efficiency problem. The 15th and 16th of ccpnc have put forward overall goal and requirement, that is, forming legal system of socialism with Chinese characteristics in 2010. The important way of realizing to run the country according to law is that governments at all levels realize administration according to law conscientiously. This paper bases on the fair efficiency concept of Deng Xiaoping, and combines fair-efficiency with harmonious society and the administration by law connect together. Writer does further study on the theoretical system of the fair efficiency sight of Deng Xiaoping via revolving around fair-efficiency problem, and analyzes the administrative behavior of government and related legal standard from the layer of law philosophy. In order to explore the solving scheme of above-mentioned problem, writer aims at guarantee and realization of law administration for fair and efficiency in administrative behavior of government from the angle of harmonious society. “Fair” and “efficiency” are not the concept in a same value position, but they just have conflicting phenomenon in current economic social environment. Deng Xiaoping investigated fair with efficiency in socialist essence and the combination of market economy and socialist society, balanced fair and efficiency through appraising whether the social system is superior. However, harmonious society actually is mature society and fair society. It emphasizes development and strives for efficiency of the society. Fair and justice is the base of harmonious social and “rule by law” is the guarantee of harmonious society. The essential intrinsic requirement of harmonious society is reaching fair with the coordinative unification of efficiency. Therefore government want make administrative freedom in the scope of law and regulations, adjust administrative main part and the administration of relative person. Administrative law may promote the self-construction of administrative organization, and surmount unfair and inefficient case in performing duty, especially in exercising administrative freedom. Standard behavior, coordinate operation and fair, transparent, honest, efficient administration system is the foundation of the government of rule by law. The innovation of this paper is that writer analyzes fair and efficiency on the foundation of law philosophy, and points out that the essential requirement of harmonious society is fair with the coordinative unification of efficiency. So, after we have completed the goal of the socialist economic development and construction of comfortable standard of living in economic field, we must emphasize " fair first, efficiency considered " and at the same time, combine harmonious society with the general plan of realizing to run the country according to law. Especially, we must pay more attention to society fair and efficiency. Hope it will play the part of certain promote role in “founding harmonious society” and realizing the sustainable development of society.