水玻璃（Water glass，WG）基二氧化硅（SiO2）气凝胶由于其硅源丰富、成本低 廉而受到广泛关注，但超临界干燥过程复杂、成本高昂，制备的气凝胶力学性能较差， 多为粉末，水玻璃基气凝胶块体的研究仍是难点。本论文以 WG为原料，在碱性条件下， 采用常压干燥技术，提出了两种制备 WG 气凝胶块体的新方法。一是以甲酰胺 （Formamide，FA）为催化剂制备气凝胶块体；二是以 SiO2 纳米纤维（SNF）为增强体 制备纤维骨架的气凝胶块体。在此基础上，以煤矸石为原料，制备了气凝胶块体，实现 了固废的处理与高附加值利用。主要研究内容如下： （1）发现了以 FA 为催化剂，制备 SiO2 气凝胶块体的新方法。研究了凝胶温度、 FA 用量、WG 浓度对 WG 凝胶时间、气凝胶收缩率、密度以及微观结构的影响；表征 了气凝胶的比表面积、组成和力学性能。所制备的气凝胶块体结构完整、粒径均匀，最 优块体收缩率为 20%，密度低至 0.165 g cm-3。 （2）以 SNF 为增强体，制备了一种新型纤维骨架的气凝胶块体。研究了纤维用量 对气凝胶密度、收缩率、微观结构、力学、吸油、隔热性能的影响。所制备的气凝胶块 体具有特殊的核壳纤维骨架、低密度、高孔隙率、超疏水的特点，且力学性能优异。最 优的气凝胶块体对 CH2Cl2的吸附容量为 11.83 g g -1，作为太阳能热蒸发隔热材料，在 1 倍太阳光强下，水蒸发速度可达 1.35 kg m-2 h -1，转换效率可达 88.4%。 （3）以煤矸石为原料，提取 WG 溶液并制备了 SiO2气凝胶块体。通过调控煤矸石 与碱的质量比、煅烧温度、NaOH 浓度，SiO2 的最高提取率可达 98.3%。探索并成功用 WG 溶液制备了 SiO2气凝胶块体。

Water glass (WG) based silica (SiO2) aerogels have received widespread attention due to their abundant silica sources and low cost, but the supercritical drying process is complicated and costly. The prepared aerogels have poor mechanical properties and are mostly powders. It is still difficult to prepare the water glass-based aerogel monolith. In this thesis, two new methods for the preparation of WG aerogel bulk are proposed by using WG as raw material under alkaline conditions and atmospheric pressure drying technique. One is to prepare aerogel monolith with formamide (FA) as catalyst; the other is to prepare aerogel monolith with fibrous skeleton by using SiO2 nanofiber (SNF) as reinforcement. On this basis, the aerogel blocks were prepared with coal gangue as raw material to realize the treatment and high value-added utilization of solid waste. The main research contents are as follows: (1) A new method with FA as catalyst was developed to prepare SiO2 aerogel monolith. The effects of gel temperature, FA dosage and WG concentration on gel time, aerogel shrinkage, density and microstructure were investigated. The specific surface area, composition and mechanical properties of the aerogel were characterized. The prepared aerogel blocks have integrated appearance and uniform particle size, with an shrinkage of 20% and a low density of 0.165 g cm-3 for the optimal block. (2) A new type of aerogel monolith with fiber backbone was prepared using SNF as reinforcement. The effects of fiber dosage on the aerogel density, shrinkage, microstructure, mechanics, oil absorption, and thermal insulation properties were investigated. The prepared aerogel monolith has a special core-shell fiber skeleton, low density, high porosity, superhydrophobicity, and excellent mechanical properties. The optimal aerogel block has an adsorption capacity of 11.83 g g-1 for CH2Cl2. As an insulator for solar thermal evaporation, the water evaporation rate can reach 1.35 kg m-2 h -1 with a conversion efficiency of 88.4% under 1 solar intensity. (3) WG solution extracted from coal gangue was used to prepare SiO2 aerogel monolith. By regulating the mass ratio of gangue to alkali, calcination temperature and NaOH concentration, the highest extraction rate of SiO2 could reach 98.3%. The SiO2 aerogel blocks were explored and successfully prepared from WG solution.