<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 城市化进程在带动人口聚集、建设用地扩张等现代化发展的过程中，将自然生态系统转变为半自然半人工生态系统和人工生态系统，这对生态系统的结构和功能带来巨大冲击，进而对生态系统服务能力造成影响。同时，快速的城市化进程对生态系统服务的可持续发展提出了更高的生态要求。宁夏回族自治区作为我国西部重要省份，是黄河上游生态保护屏障和&ldquo;一带一路&rdquo;建设的重要组成部分。因此，掌握宁夏回族自治区生态系统与城市化之间的作用关系，为探究城市化的生态效应提供了有效途径。</p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 基于此，本研究首先利用修正后的通用土壤流失方程、修正风蚀模型等模型评估研究区2005-2020年的粮食供给、水源供给、土壤保持、防风固沙、生境质量和自然游憩六项主要生态系统服务；然后利用斯皮尔曼相关系数及双变量空间自相关分别探讨各生态系统服务在时间和空间上的权衡/协同，并根据自组织映射对生态系统服务进行聚类划分，明确各聚类生态系统服务的空间差异；最后，根据生态系统服务以及社会经济数据（包括人口、社会和经济三方面），分别构建生态系统服务指数和综合城市化指数，探讨生态系统与城市化间的时序关系。主要结论如下：</p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （1）基于各项生态系统服务物质量评估模型从全域、行政单元和土地利用三个尺度探究各服务时空格局演变，除防风固沙与生境质量外，其余四项服务在研究时期内均呈增长趋势；通过空间自相关分析表明六项生态系统服务分别呈高度正相关，除防风固沙和自然游憩外，其余四项服务在研究期内自相关性有所减弱。粮食供给呈&ldquo;北高南低&rdquo;的分布特征，高值区集中在北部引黄灌区。水源供给呈现&ldquo;北低南高&rdquo;的分布特征，其空间分布特征与年降雨量呈正比、与蒸散发量呈反比。土壤保持高值区集中在六盘山和贺兰山境内，林地单位面积土壤保持能力较强。防风固沙高值区多分布于红寺堡区以东，并在2015-2020年间逐渐向南移动。生境质量和自然游憩均呈现&ldquo;四周高，中间低&rdquo;的分布特征，林地作为兼具生态价值和自然效益的土地利用类型，其单位面积生境质量和自然游憩服务能力均较强。</p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （2）分别从空间和时间尺度分析宁夏回族自治区六项生态系统服务间权衡/协同关系的尺度效应；并对生态系统服务进行聚类划分，明确各服务簇内生态系统服务的空间差异。粮食供给与生境质量、水源供给与土壤保持服务间存在强权衡和强协同相关关系。2015-2020年间，土壤保持与防风固沙服务由权衡关系转变为弱协同关系。粮食供给与生境质量间权衡面积占比为50.82%，水源供给与土壤保持间协同面积占比约65.74%。粮食生产供给簇贯穿自治区南北地区；水土保持及自然游憩簇主要分布在固原市境内，耕地和草地占该簇总面积的80%以上；生境游憩簇内自然度高，主要分布在自治区中部及贺兰山地区；风沙保持簇主要分布在自治区中部，且在逐渐向南移动。</p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; （3）构建生态系统服务指数和综合城市化指数，并探究各综合城市化指数等级的生态系统服务构成特征；从时间和空间尺度上分析各区县生态与城市系统间耦合效应。研究时段内，宁夏回族自治区生态系统服务指数持续增强，泾源县和隆德县是提供多项生态系统服务的热点地区。基于熵值法从人口、经济和社会三方面构建的城市化评估体系表明经济城市化是宁夏回族自治区城市化发展的主导因素。各项生态系统服务在不同综合城市化指数等级下表现不同，生境质量和自然游憩服务在不同综合城市化指数等级的均值较高，水源供给、土壤保持和防风固沙服务均值与综合城市化等级基本呈反比。生态系统与城市化之间的耦合度及耦合协调度在量级上均有所提升，2020年，近九成区县生态系统服务指数与综合城市化指数间耦合协调度达到基本协调。</p>

<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; In the process of modernization, the urbanization process drives population agglomeration and construction land expansion, transforming natural ecosystems into semi-natural/artificial ecosystems and artificial ecosystems. This has a significant impact on the structure and function of ecosystems, and thus affects the ecosystem&#39;s service capacity. Meanwhile, the rapid urbanization process puts forward higher ecological requirements for the sustainable development of ecosystem services. As an important province in the western region of China, the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is a crucial part of the ecological protection barrier in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and the &quot;Belt and Road&quot; initiative. Therefore, understanding the relationship between the ecosystem and urbanization in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region provides an effective way to explore the ecological effects of urbanization.</p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Based on this, this study first used modified universal soil loss equation, modified wind erosion model, and other models to evaluate the six major ecosystem services of grain supply, water supply, soil conservation, wind erosion control, habitat quality, and natural recreation in the study area from 2005 to 2020. Then, using the Spearman correlation coefficient and bivariate spatial autocorrelation, we investigated the temporal and spatial trade-offs/synergies of each ecosystem service. Based on self-organizing map clustering, we categorized ecosystem services and clarified the spatial differences of each cluster of ecosystem services. Finally, we constructed an ecosystem services index and a comprehensive urbanization index based on ecosystem services and socio-economic data (including population, social, and economic aspects) to explore the temporal relationship between ecosystem services and urbanization. The main conclusions are as follows:</p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (1)Based on various ecosystem service assessment models, this study explores the spatiotemporal pattern evolution of six main ecosystem services, including grain supply, water supply, soil conservation, windbreak and sand fixation, habitat quality, and natural recreation at three scales: the entire region, administrative units, and land use. Except for windbreak and sand fixation and habitat quality, the other four services showed an increasing trend during the study period. Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the six ecosystem services were highly positively correlated, and except for windbreak and sand fixation and natural recreation, the spatial autocorrelation of the other four services weakened during the study period. The distribution of grain supply exhibited a &quot;high in the north, low in the south&quot; pattern, with high values concentrated in the northern Yellow River irrigation area. The water supply presented a &quot;low in the north, high in the south&quot; pattern, and its spatial distribution was positively correlated with annual rainfall and negatively correlated with evapotranspiration. The high-value areas of soil conservation were concentrated in the Liupan Mountains and Helan Mountains, and the soil conservation ability per unit area of forest land was strong. The high-value areas of windbreak and sand fixation were mostly distributed east of the Hongshibao district and gradually moved southward from 2015 to 2020. Habitat quality and natural recreation both showed a &quot;high around and low in the middle&quot; distribution pattern, and forest land, as a land use type with both ecological value and natural benefits, had strong habitat quality and natural recreation service capabilities per unit area.</p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (2) From both spatial and temporal scales, this study analyzes the scale effects of trade-offs and synergies among six ecosystem services in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in the fields of Geographic Information Science and Ecology. The ecosystem services are clustered and divided to clarify the spatial differences within each service cluster. Strong trade-offs and strong synergistic relationships exist between grain supply and habitat quality, as well as between water supply and soil conservation services. Between 2015 and 2020, the relationship between soil conservation and wind prevention services shifted from trade-offs to weak synergies. The proportion of the trade-off area between grain supply and habitat quality was 50.82%, and the proportion of the synergistic area between water supply and soil conservation was about 65.74%. The grain production supply cluster runs through the north and south of the autonomous region. Soil and water conservation, as well as natural recreation clusters, are mainly distributed within the Guyuan city area, with cultivated land and grassland accounting for more than 80% of the total area of this cluster. The habitat recreation cluster has a high degree of naturalness and is mainly distributed in the central part of the autonomous region and Helan Mountain region. The wind and sand control cluster is mainly distributed in the central part of the autonomous region and is gradually moving south.</p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (3) Construct ecosystem service index and comprehensive urbanization index, and explore the ecological system service composition characteristics of each comprehensive urbanization index level; analyze the coupling effects between the ecological and urban systems of each district and county from a temporal and spatial scale. During the study period, the ecosystem service index of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region continued to strengthen, and Jingyuan County and Longde County were hotspots for providing multiple ecosystem services. Based on the entropy method, a urbanization evaluation system was constructed from the three aspects of population, economy, and society, which showed that economic urbanization was the dominant factor in the urbanization development of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. The various ecosystem services performed differently under different levels of comprehensive urbanization index. Habitat quality and natural recreation services had higher mean values at different levels of comprehensive urbanization index, while water supply, soil conservation, and windbreak and sand fixation services were basically inversely proportional to the level of comprehensive urbanization. The coupling degree and coupling coordination degree between the ecosystem and urbanization have both increased, and in 2020, the coupling coordination degree between the ecosystem service index and the comprehensive urbanization index of nearly 90% of the districts and counties reached a basic level of coordination.</p>